6.2. A) Study the vocabulary used to describe career-making. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

a) Cramming for success: study and academic work:

to carry out/ to do research, to get a book through inter-library loan, to drop out, to be good at, to do a subject/ a course, to take an exam in a subject/ to sit for an exam, to pass an exam/ to do well in an exam, to fail/ to do badly in an exam, to re-sit an exam, to do vocational training, to study for a diploma, to cram / review for an exam, to coach up smb. in a subject, to get honours, to qualify for a job/ to do smth. to be qualified;

academic journals (not magazines), papers/articles on specialised subjects, finals (= the last exams before receiving a degree), entrance exam, multiple-choice test, grade, a diploma (certificate) with honours, on-the-job training, handicraft, skilled (unskilled), part-time (full-time) student (worker);

GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) (= the exams taken by most 15-16-year-olds in Britain. Marks are given for all the subjects separately, however, there is a uniform system of marks, all being graded from A to G. Grades A, B and C are good grades).

A-levels (Advanced Levels) (= higher level academic exams set by the same examining boards that set the GCSEs. They are taken mostly by people around the age of 18 who wish to go on to higher education).

Written work for courses, etc.

word	description
composition	could be just 50-100 words, often used to refer to children’ work
essay	longer than a composition, more serious, hundreds or even thousands of words
assignment	a long essay, often part of a course, usually thousands of words
project	like an assignment, but emphasis is on student’s own material and topic
portfolio	a collection of individual pieces of work, not necessarily written
dissertation	a long, research-based work, perhaps 10-15,000 words, for a degree or diploma
thesis	a very long, original, research-based work, perhaps 80-100,000 words, for a higher degree (e.g. PhD)

mind-map, first draft, to write up, plagiarism, deadline, to submit, to assess, to get feedback,

b) What do you do? Job

What do you do? I'm (+ job) e.g. a banker / an engineer / a teacher / a builder

What's your job? I work in (+ place or general area) e.g. a bank / marketing

What do you do for a living? I work for (+ name of company) e.g. Union Bank,

ICI, Fiat

Note: ‘Work’ is usually an uncountable noun, so you cannot say ‘a work’. If you want to use the indefinite article you must say ‘a job’, e.g. She hasn't got a job at the moment.

Career:

calling (for science, for painting), CV (curriculum vita), resume, personal connections, smth. appeals to smb., trainee/ apprentice, application, job interview, job opportunity, vacancy/ opening, promotion, reference/ recommendation letter, requirement, to reach/ to hit a glass ceiling, rewarding career, lucrative career, steady job, well-paid job, motivated and eager (person), dynamic and fast moving (industry/profession), to seek a career in (an industry)/ to look to work in an industry, ambitious, achiever, to have a talent and drive (to do smth.), to fit, self-employed, to do business, to be in business, probation period, internship, database of jobs;

Professions (=occupations, especially those requiring advanced education and special training):

lawyer, dentist, psychotherapist, architect, vet, librarian, child-minder, accountant, engineer, scientist, economist, interpreter, office clerk, financier, tax inspector, banker, baby-sitter, pilot, secretary, teacher, translator, presenter, host (on radio or TV), PR-officer, reporter;

Trade (=occupation, way of making a living, especially handicraft):

hairdresser, mechanic, priest, farmer, physiotherapist, police officer, firefighter, civil servant, tailor/ dressmaker, designer, builder, carpenter, plumber, fitter, turner, baker, carpenter, farmer, salesperson, security guard, waiter, lawn-mower, sewing-machine operator, personal assistant, filing clerk;

Staff:

boss, executive, director, president, vice president, manager, administrator, head of department, clerk, subordinate, receptionist, public relation (PR) manager, security officer, safety officer, union representative/official, personnel officer, sales assistant, education officer, supervisor, in-house staff, freelancer, employer, employee, economist, assistant, adviser, research-worker, supervisor, back officer;

Verbs:

to get/find a job, to appoint smb./ director/ principal, to appoint smb. to a position/ job/ post, to recruit/ do the head-hunting, to do for a living, to get promotion/ to be promoted/ to get a higher position, to work smb.’s way up the career ladder, to take on extra work/ responsibility, to work as (a teacher), to work full-time (part-time), to train for a job, to make/ to earn/ to get a living, to work in shifts/ to do shift work, to be on flexi-time, to discharge/ to fire/ to sack, to get the sack/ to be fired/ to be sacked/ to be terminated/ to be dismissed (informal), to be made redundant, to be laid off, to be offered an early retirement, to give up work/ to resign, to retire, to be on/ to take maternity (woman) or paternity (man) leave, to be on/ to take sick leave, to take early retirement, to be a workaholic, to apply for a job, to fill in forms, to join a firm, to operate machinery, to work nine-to-five, to go/ be on strike;

Main responsibilities:

What do you do in your job? What does that involve?

main responsibilities/ main duties, daily routine, to hold a position (= have a position): Thorn holds one of the most senior positions in the Federal Bank.

senior (adj only before noun) (= someone who has a high position): senior manager;

top manager (lawyer, executive, etc) (= someone who has one of the most powerful jobs in business, or one of the most important jobs in a profession): The President met with top Korean businessmen. There are still not many women in top jobs.

high ranking officer/ official/ member, etc. (= someone who has a high position in an organization like the army or police, or in a government department, but not in business): a high-ranking officer in the air force, a high-ranking State Department official;

junior (adj only before noun) (= someone who has a lower position than someone else): junior reporter, junior officer.

assistant manager (editor, director, etc.) (= someone whose job is just below the position of a manager, etc): My mother is an assistant principal at a school in Washington.

I'm in charge of (= responsible for part of something) all deliveries out of the factory.

I have to deal with any complaints (= take all necessary action if there are complaints).

I run the coffee bar and restaurant in the museum (= I am in control of something/ I manage it).

Daily duties/routines:

I have to go to/ attend (formal) a lot of meetings.

I visit/ see/ meet clients. I advise clients (= give them help and my opinion).

It involves doing quite a lot of paperwork (a general word we use for routine work that involves paper e.g. writing letters, filling in forms, etc.).

How important is job satisfaction to you?

Pay:

salary (=paid every month and goes directly into their bank account), wages (=paid weekly and directly to the employee), to earn, holiday pay, sick pay, income, perks (informal) / fringe benefits/ (extra) benefits (formal) (= extra things apart from salary), salary increments/ pay rise, incentives, basic, compensation, fee, honorarium, unemployment benefit, bonus, to be on the dole, sickness benefit;

Working conditions:

to go to work, to be at work, a nine-to-five job, regular working hours, unsociable hours, to work flexi-time/ to be on flexi-time, to do shift-work, to work nights (days), to be shift-worker, to work overtime, working condition, holiday entitlement, to be overworked and underpaid, to work in close-knit teams, diverse range of clients, core hours, to clock in, to clock out, to work from home with one’s computer, to be a teleworker, to work freelance/ to be freelance, supportive environment.

b) Study this information in order to use the following words correctly.

Work (uncountable) is a general word to talk about what you do every day in order to earn money: My father started work when he was 14 years old. I have to go to work.

It can also be used when there is no payment or you are not working for someone else: volunteer work.

Job is the particular kind of work that you do regularly in order to earn money, especially when you work for a company or a public organization: My first job was in a record store. She has a well-paid job in the tax department.

Don’t say “What’s your job?” or “What’s your work?” when you want to know what someone does to earn money. Say “What do you do?” or “What do you do for a living?”

Occupation is a formal word for ‘job’ that is used on official forms: Please state your age, address, and occupation in the space below.