Рон Курц - Телесно-ориентированая психотерапия. Метод Хакоми
.pdfkhklhygbb khagZgby b kihkh[ghklv khh[sblv kmlv lZdh]h khklhygby ^jm]hfm Wlh
^hklb]Z_lky dh]^Z kZf ijb[eb`Z_rvky d hkhagZgghklb b \ujZ`Z_rv wlh \ baf_g_gbb l_fiZ lhgZ ]hehkZ rZ[ehgh\ j_qb b bkihevam_fuo keh\ Bgh]^Z \^h[Z\hd bkihevamxlky h[jZau
Чыъянчя
DZd ihkljhblv dhglZdl <hl ijhklhc ijbf_j ihkljh_gby dhglZdlZ y jZ[hlZx \ djbabkghf p_glj_ b ijboh^bl `_gsbgZ HgZ hq_gv [ukljh ]h\hjbl K\hbf \b^hf b j_qvx hgZ kha^Z_l \i_qZle_gb_ kbevghc lj_\h]b Y kb`m aZ k\hbf klhehf Z hgZ kZ^blky gZ klme i_j_^ klhehf b [_a mfhedm ]h\hjbl h fZrbgZo gZ mebp_ h ^_lyo dhlhju_ lZf b]jZxl h lhf qlh wlm mebpm ^he`gu hk\h[h^blv ^ey b]j b lZd ^Ze__ b lhfm ih^h[gh_
;hevrh_ ^ebggh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ HgZ kh\_jr_ggh g_ kfhljbl gZ f_gy HgZ kfhljbl gZ ihe HgZ dZd [m^lh ^Z`_ g_ `^_l hl f_gy hl\_lZ HgZ ijh^he`Z_l ]h\hjblv dZd [u kZfZ k kh[hc Ijhoh^bl ^h\hevgh fgh]h \j_f_gb b hgZ ^_eZ_l iZmam qlh[u i_j_\_klb ^uoZgb_
< wlhl fhf_gl y g_fgh]h gZdehgyxkv d g_c b hlq_leb\h ]h\hjx ³@mldh ^Z´ HgZ ih^gbfZ_l \a]ey^ gZ f_gy kfhljbl fg_ \ ]eZaZ ihdZ qlh lh \gmljb g__ g_ m^h\e_l\hjy_lky Z aZl_f fy]dh hl\_qZ_l ³>Z y i_j_im]ZeZkv´ Ohjhrh L_i_jv wlh jZa]h\hj ^\mo ex^_c L_i_jv hgZ ]h\hjbl kh fghc Z y ]h\hjx k g_c Fu mklZgh\beb dhglZdl
Qlh[u ihkljhblv dhglZdl l_jZi_\l ijhy\ey_l ihgbfZgb_ <gZqZe_ wlh qZklh hagZqZ_l \ukemrb\Zlv ih^jh[ghklb b kfuke jZkkdZaZ deb_glZ Gh a^_kv _klv eh\mrdZ ?keb kebrdhf qZklh ihdZau\Zlv qlh \ukemrb\Z_rv jZkkdZa lh deb_gl ^_eZ_l \u\h^ qlh lu bgl_j_km_rvky bf_ggh jZkkdZahf LZd fh`gh magZlv fgh]h ih^jh[ghkl_c kemqb\r_]hky gh deb_gl \jy^ eb ]em[hdh \hc^_l \ k\h_ i_j_`b\Zgb_ >ey wlh]h l_jZi_\lm b deb_glm gm`gh khkj_^hlhqblvky gZ i_j_`b\Zgbb Z hgh ijhbkoh^bl lhevdh \ gZklhys_f LZd qlh wnn_dlb\g__ _keb l_jZi_\l ijhy\ey_l ihgbfZgb_ ihdZau\Zy qlh hg \ dhglZdl_ k l_f qlh deb_gl ^_eZ_l beb qm\kl\m_l bf_ggh \ wlhl fhf_gl Ke_^y b aZ l_f b aZ ^jm]bf aZ jZkkdZahf b aZ l_dmsbf i_j_`b\Zgb_f l_jZi_\l ihfh]Z_l deb_glm ihqm\kl\h\Zlv qlh _]h keurZl b ihgbfZxl IhgbfZgb_ gm`gh ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv Ijhklh kdZaZlv ³Y ihgbfZx´beb qlh lh \jh^_³: ^Z´g_^hklZlhqgh DhglZdl mklZgZ\eb\Z_rv _s_ b l_f qlh ^Z_rv deb_glm ihgylv qlh k_cqZk _]h \j_fy < hkgh\ghf wlh ^_eZ_lky k ihfhsvx h`b^Zgby Dh]^Z deb_gl ]h\hjbl l_jZi_\l kemrZ_l b gZ[ex^Z_l l_ji_eb\h h`b^Zy dh]^Z deb_gl aZdhgqbl b ih^Zkl agZd qlh hg ]hlh\ d keh\Zf l_jZi_\lZ <hl lh]^Z dh]^Z deb_gl lZd kemrZ_l l_jZi_\l fh`_l ij_^eh`blv dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ Kf ih^jZa^_e gb`_
L_jZi_\lm dhg_qgh g_ h[yaZl_evgh ^_eZlv dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ dZ`^uc jZa dh]^Z deb_gl i_j_klZ_l ]h\hjblv DhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby g_ h[yaZl_evgu Wlh \hijhk \u[hjZ H[yaZl_evgh gm`gh ihkljhblv dhglZdl : ^ey wlh]h fh`_l [ulv ^hklZlhqgh h^gh]h ohjhr_]h dhglZdlgh]h \ukdZau\Zgby B l_jZi_\lm g_ h[yaZl_evgh ihgbfZlv \kz gZkq_l deb_glZ qlh[u k^_eZlv dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ >hklZlhqgh ihgylv dZdmx lh qZklv lh]h qlh deb_gl k_cqZk i_j_`b\Z_l Deb_gl \k_ \j_fy ^_eZ_l fgh]h jZaguo \_s_c Fh`_l [ulv _fm ljm^gh \ q_f lh jZah[jZlvky L_jZi_\l ]h\hjbl qlh lh ijhklh_ h[ wlhf gZijbf_j³G_ihgylgh ^Z´G_ gm`gh b g_ j_dhf_g^m_lky ijhykgylv wlh aZf_rZl_evkl\h Ijhklh gZah\bl_ _]h b ihkfhljbl_ qlh deb_gl gZqg_l ^_eZlv k wlh]h fhf_glZ Dh]^Z l_jZi_\l ij_^eZ]Z_l djZldbc ijhklhc dhff_glZjbc h ebqghf i_j_`b\Zgbb deb_glZ hg ihdZau\Z_l qlh ke_^bl aZ l_f qlh ijhbkoh^bl k deb_glhf Bf_ggh wlh b gm`gh Dh]^Z wlh ijhbkoh^bl deb_gl qZklh qm\kl\m_l h[e_]q_gb_ b [_ahiZkghklv Qm\kl\my qlh _]h kemrZxl b ihgbfZxl deb_gl jZkkeZ[ey_lky b b^_l ]em[`_ Ohjhrbc dhglZdl j_^dh kemqZ_lky \g_ l_jZibb Dh]^Z hg ijhbkoh^bl \ oh^_ l_jZibb wlh [hevrhc rZ] d kha^Zgbx mkeh\bc ^ey khljm^gbq_kl\Z [_kkhagZl_evgh]h b jZa\hjZqb\Zgby ijhp_kkZ deb_glZ
DZd khojZgblv dhglZdl ;hevrZy qZklv kh[ulbc \ gZr_f hiul_ ebrv ijhoh^bl q_j_a djZldh\j_f_ggmx iZfylv Hgb fh]ml f]gh\_ggh l_jylvky ih^ gZieu\hf ihke_^mxsbo fuke_c qm\kl\ b hsms_gbc <hl b \ky ijh^he`bl_evghklv l_dms_]h i_j_`b\Zgby ijb baf_g_gbb gZkljh_gby beb qm\kl\Z hgh fh`_l ijh^eblvky ebrv _s_ g_kdhevdh djZldbo k_dmg^ AZl_f dZd \q_jZrgbc khg hgh moh^bl gZ\k_]^Z ?keb \u kh[bjZ_l_kv khkj_^hlhqblvky gZ q_f lh dhgdj_lghf lh \Zf gm`gh kha^Zlv dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ b bkihevah\Zlv _]h ihdZ i_j_`b\Zgb_ ijhbkoh^bl beb g_ iha`_ lj_o q_luj_o k_dmg^ ihke_ lh]h dZd hgh gZqZeh m]ZkZlv H^gZ`^u y \_e fZrbgm \ :ev[md_jd kh k\h_c agZdhfhc dhlhjZy r_klv beb k_fv e_l bamqZeZ :cdb^h HgZ [ueZ qmldhc b jZkkeZ[e_gghc dh]^Z
\^jm] kaZ^b b ke_\Z hl gZk jZa^Zeky ]jhfdbc a\md < hl\_l hgZ ijhklh i_j_\_eZ k\hx e_\mx jmdm ijb[ebabl_evgh gZ mjh\_gv `b\hlZ ^_j`Z _z ]hjbahglZevgh eZ^hgvx \gba b g_ki_rgh ih\_jgmeZ \k_ k\h_ l_eh \ klhjhgm a\mdZ Wlh ^\b`_gb_ ^ebehkv g_ ^hevr_ iylb k_dmg^ Hgh [ueh baysgh b k^_j`Zgh ij_djZkguc ijbf_j ih\hjhlZ ^ey \klj_qb k l_f qlh ijb[eb`Z_lky dhlhjuc \ :cdb^h gZau\Zxl³bjbfb´ Y \hkobs_ggh aZ wlbf gZ[ex^Ze Y gbq_]h g_ ]h\hjbe gZ\_jgh_ ljb^pZlv k_dmg^ Ihlhf y kijhkbe __ aZf_lbeZ eb hgZ qlh hgZ k^_eZeZ \ hl\_l gZ wlhl a\md HgZ kh\k_f wlh]h g_ ihfgbeZ HgZ [ueZ khkj_^hlhq_gZ gZ gZr_f jZa]h\hj_ b g_ ke_^beZ aZ k\hbfb kh[kl\_ggufb ij_djZkgufb ^\b`_gbyfb < gbo [ueb ]h^u lj_gbjh\hd b hgb klZeb ijb\uqdhc Gh _keb [u y \ i_j\uc `_ fhf_gl kdZaZe ³Wlh :cdb^h ^Z´lh \kz wlh fh]eh [u \kieulv \ _z khagZgbb \hafh`gh k meu[dhc kZfh hkhagZgby Qlh[u mklZgh\blv dhglZdl gm`gh [ukljh ^_ckl\h\Zlv f_^e_ggh Qm\kl\h a^_kv jZkkeZ[e_ggh_ b m^h[gh_ gh l_fi b k\h_\j_f_gghklv j_rZxl \k_
Dh]^Z dhglZdl kha^Zg l_jZi_\l ih^^_j`b\Z_l _]h gZkljZb\Zykv gZ ihlj_[ghklb b l_fi deb_glZ b ihdZau\Zy wlh GZijbf_j l_jZi_\l ^Z_l deb_glm ]h\hjblv ihdZ g_ ihemqZ_l dZdhc lh kb]gZe h[uqgh \a]ey^ h lhf qlh fh`gh ]h\hjblv kZfhfm Beb fheqbl dh]^Z deb_gl h[jZsZ_lky \h\gmljv aZgbfZykv h[^mfu\Zgb_f \kihfbgZgb_f beb q_f lh _s_ Beb l_jZi_\l bkihevam_l dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby qlh[u ihdZaZlv qlh hgh hkhagZ_l _`_k_dmg^gu_ baf_g_gby m deb_glZ gZijbf_j dh]^Z deb_gl gZqbgZ_l qm\kl\h\Zlv i_qZev beb m^h\hevkl\b_ < wlb i_j_oh^gu_ fhf_glu hl h^gh]h qm\kl\Z d ^jm]hfm beb hl h^ghc ^_yl_evghklb d ^jm]hc fh`gh ij_^eZ]Zlv dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby Ohly deb_gl fh`_l g_ dhff_glbjh\Zlv wlb \ukdZau\Zgby b fh`_l ^Z`_ g_ aZf_lblv g_dhlhjuo ba gbo hgb kbevgh \ebyxl gZ oh^ ijhp_kkZ >ey ih^^_j`db dhglZdlZ khojZgy_lky qm\kl\bl_evghklv d l_fim b i_j_oh^Zf DhglZdlguo \ukdZau\Zgbc g_ ^he`gh
[ulv fgh]h Q_f emqr_ kha^Zg b ih^^_j`b\Z_lky dhglZdl l_f f_gvr_ gm`gh dhglZdlguo \ukdZau\Zgbc qlh[u hg khojZgyeky
DhglZdl b ihlhd ijhp_kkZ Hkh[_ggh \Z`gh hklZ\eylv deb_glm \j_fy kjZam ihke_ dhglZdlgh]h \ukdZau\Zgby < g_kdhevdh f]gh\_gbc ihke_ dhglZdlgh]h \ukdZau\Zgby deb_gl gZqbgZ_l hkhagZ\Zlv qlh lh Fh`_l wlh i_qZev h dhlhjhc \u kdZaZeb dhgnebdl dhlhjuc \u gZa\Zeb beb qlh lh _s_ Bf_ggh \ wlb fhf_glu deb_gl khagZl_evgh beb
[_kkhagZl_evgh \u[bjZ_l ih dZdhfm imlb b^lb Hlke_`b\Zlv gh\h_ i_j_`b\Zgby ieZdZlv hl ]hjy \hkdj_rZlv \hkihfbgZgby ^\b]Zlvky \f_kl_ kh k\hbf ijhp_kkhf beb g_l <Zf gm`gh ^Zlv deb_glm ijhkljZgkl\h ^ey ^_ckl\bc Wlh kZfZy \Z`gZy qZklv ih^kljhcdb b fhsguc kb]gZe h lhf qlh \u ih^^_j`b\Z_l_ lh qlh deb_glm gm`gh b ohq_lky ^_eZlv LZd qlh wlh ijhklh ihke_ dhglZdlgh]h \ukdZau\Zgby ih^h`^bl_ b ihkfhljbl_ \ dZdhf gZijZ\e_gbb ihke_ g_]h ihc^_l deb_gl GZijbf_j y kemrZe dZd deb_gldZ ^he]h hibku\ZeZ ^\_ k\hbo qZklb Ljb beb q_luj_ fbgmlu keh\ Y \ukemrb\Ze ih^jh[ghklb gh g_ dhff_glbjh\Ze bo Y ijhklh kdZaZe dh]^Z hgZ aZdhgqbeZ b ihkfhlj_eZ gZ f_gy³LZd qlh ^\_ qZklb ^Z´KdZ`_l_ qlh wlh ijhklh^mrgh >Z Gh wlh ih^_ckl\h\Zeh hgZ gZqZeh ieZdZlv G_ jZkkljhb\rbkv ba aZ lh]h qlh _z l_jZi_\l b^bhl Z ihlhfm qlh wlhl
\gmlj_ggbc jZkdhe [ue ]em[hdh fmqbl_evguf b bf_ggh h[ wlhc [heb hgZ gZ kZfhf ^_e_ ]h\hjbeZ Y fh] [u kdZaZlv³;hevgh ^Z´Beb³Dhgnebdl ^Z´HgZ k lZdhc `_ e_]dhklvx fh]eZ [u aZieZdZlv ihke_ lZdbo keh\ Ih kmlb ^_eZ y ih^ulh`be kblmZpbx dhlhjmx hgZ hibku\ZeZ Y ih^h`^Ze HgZ j_rbeZ \uimklblv gZjm`m k\hb qm\kl\Z ih ih\h^m wlhc
kblmZpbb <hafh`gh wlh g_ [ueh khagZl_evguf j_r_gb_f Hgh fh]eh ihdZaZlvky kZfhijhba\hevguf Gh wlh gZ\_jgydZ [ueh j_r_gb_ gZ dZdhf lh mjh\g_ Y g_ aZklZ\eye _z ieZdZlv Y lhevdh ih\ebye gZ wlh j_r_gb_ ihdZaZ\ qlh y ihgye _z kblmZpbx b ih^h`^Z\ qlh[u iha\heblv _c k^_eZlv lh qlh hgZ ohq_l B hgZ aZieZdZeZ
A^_kv ih^oh^bl keh\h ³\ebygb_´ DhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ iha\hey_l l_jZi_\lm \ q_f lh ih\ebylv gZ ihlhd ijhp_kkZ L_jZi_\l g_ gZijZ\ey_l deb_glZ gb d dZdbf ^_ckl\byf lZd qlh hg g_ \uau\Z_l khijhlb\e_gby L_f g_ f_g__ dhglZdl \eby_l gZ ijhbkoh^ys__ DhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ h ]jmklb ih kmlb ]h\hjbl³Y aZf_lbe qlh \Zf
]jmklgh b fg_ wlh bgl_j_kgh´FheqZgb_ ihke_ wlh]h ]h\hjbl³Y ]hlh\ kemrZlv _keb \u ohlbl_ aZgylvky wlbf ]em[`_´ Hgh dhff_glbjm_l b hklZ\ey_l ijhkljZgkl\h ^ey lh]h qlh[u deb_gl aZl_f hlijZ\beky lm^Z dm^Z ohq_l Hgh ihfh]Z_l gZeZ^blv khljm^gbq_kl\h b k^_eZlv l_jZibx ^\mklhjhggbf ijhp_kkhf Hgh iha\hey_l l_jZi_\lm klZlv qZklvx fbjZ deb_glZ \hclb \gmljv b ijbgylv mqZklb_ g_ kha^Z\Zy [hjv[u aZ dhgljhev Dhgljhev \ dhg_qghf kq_l_ ijbgZ^e_`bl deb_glm
DhglZdl ijh^\b]Z_l ijhp_kk ^Zevr_ ihdZau\Zy qlh \ujZ`Z_fh_ ihgbfZ_lky DZd b \ h[uqghf jZa]h\hj_ ijhy\e_gb_ ihgbfZgby iha\hey_l ]h\hjys_fm i_j_clb ^Zevr_ d lhfm qlh hg ohq_l \ukdZaZlv _s_ ?keb ihgbfZgby g_^hklZlhqgh ]h\hjysbc klZjZ_lky kgh\Z kdZaZlv h lhf `_ \hafh`gh ih ^jm]hfm Beb ]h\hjysbc fh`_l ijhklh ij_djZlblv ihiuldb kf_gblv l_fm beb mclb < l_jZibb gm`gh qlh[u ijh^\b]Zeky ^Zevr_ \_kv ijhp_kk hl hlghr_gbc d hkhagZgghklb d i_j_`b\Zgbx d ijhjZ[hld_ d i_j_`b\Zgbx dhlhjh_ `_eZ_l ijhbahclb Gm`gh qlh[u i_j_`b\Zgb_ i_j_reh hl h[]h\Zjb\Zgby d qm\kl\h\Zgbx d bkke_^h\Zgbx d \ujZ`_gbx b d ihgbfZgbx DhglZdlgh]h \ukdZau\Zgby
\jh^_³=jmklgh ^Z´fh`_l [ulv \iheg_ ^hklZlhqgh ^ey lh]h qlh[u fhf_gl e_]dhc ]jmklb klZe kbevguf qm\kl\hf b k\h[h^guf kZfh\ujZ`_gb_f IhdZau\Zy qlh \u agZ_l_ h ijbkmlkl\bb ]jmklb beb q_]h lh ^jm]h]h b ijbgbfZy wlh \u \u^_ey_l_ ijhkljZgkl\h ^ey lh]h qlh[u hgh ijhbahreh G_dhlhjuo ex^_c hkh[_ggh l_o dlh qm\kl\m_l k_[y g_ihgylufb ohjhrbc dhglZdl ljh]Z_l b ml_rZ_l Wlh lj_lvy p_ev dhglZdlZ Hg ^Z_l deb_glm agZlv qlh lhl g_ h^bghd qlh _klv dlh lh _s_ dlh fh`_l hdZaZlvky \ kbeZo ihfhqv kijZ\blvky k kblmZpb_c
Djhf_ lh]h dhglZdl iha\hey_l l_jZi_\lm khkj_^hlhqblvky gZ l_o qZklyo i_j_`b\Zgby dhlhju_ gZoh^ylky gZ ]jZgb khagZgby E_]dZy ]jmklv dhlhjmx l_jZi_\l aZf_lbe b mihfygme fh]eZ [ulv g_fgh]h \g_ ihey khagZgby MihfbgZgb_ h ]jmklb \ghkbl _z \ p_glj \gbfZgby b kha^Z_l mkeh\by ^ey lh]h qlh[u k g_c qlh lh ijhbahreh QZklh wlhl gh\uc p_glj \gbfZgby [he__ bgl_j_k_g q_f l_fZ jZa]h\hjZ b e_]dh _z aZf_gy_l Lh]^Z m ijhp_kkZ _klv \hafh`ghklv ihclb ]em[`_ Wlh g_[hevrhc ijb_f ^ey \uiju]b\Zgby ba kbkl_fu qZklv f_lh^Z gZ dhlhjhf fu khkj_^hlhqbfky iha`_ \ hc ]eZ\_ Wlh lZd`_ ohjhrZy lj_gbjh\dZ ^ey deb_glZ dhlhjuc g_ba[_`gh magZ_l h k\hbo kh[kl\_gguo kbkl_fZo b h lhf dZd ba gbo \uiju]b\Zlv I_j\uf \uiju]b\Z_l kZf l_jZi_\l ba ijhlhj_gguo ^hjh] h[uqgh]h jZa]h\hjZ gZ [he__ ieh^hjh^gmx ihq\m gZ ]jZgb ^Zggh]h fhf_glZ
F_lZ mjh\gb < h[s_f \aZbfh^_ckl\bb f_`^m deb_glhf b l_jZi_\lhf _klv ^\_ klhjhgu kh^_j`Zgb_ b nhjfZ Kh^_j`Zgb_ h[uqgh hklZ_lky nb]mjhc Z nhjfZ± wlh qZklv nhgZ Ba kh^_j`Zgby \u magZ_l_ bklhjbx deb_glZ Hgh jZkkdZau\Z_l \Zf h k_[_ < oh^_ \ukemrb\Zgby bklhjbb \u fh`_l_ ihemqblv dZdh_ lh ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h lhf qlh ijhbkoh^bl gZ [he__ ]em[hdbo mjh\gyo dZdh_ ^_lkl\h [ueh m deb_glZ dZdb_ rZ[ehgu oZjZdl_jZ ijhy\eyxlky GZ gZqZevguo wlZiZo k_ZgkZ fh`gh kemrZlv bklhjbx g_
\f_rb\Zykv hij_^_eyy dZdb_ lh bgl_j_kgu_ fhf_glu Ohly \Zk fh]ml bgl_j_kh\Zlv hkh[_gghklb ]hehkZ kljmdlmjZ l_eZ \ujZ`_gby ebpZ b ihaZ \u \f_kl_ k l_f magZ_l_ qlh lh h ij_^klZ\e_gbyo m[_`^_gbyo ij_^iheh`_gbyo b kh[ulbyo \ `bagb deb_glZ
Ohly kh^_j`Zgb_ b \Z`gh nhjfZ \aZbfh^_ckl\by ]hjZa^h kbevg__ \eby_l gZ oh^ l_jZibb NhjfZ wlh]h h[f_gZ ^_ckl\m_l gZ f_lZ mjh\g_ h[s_gby \g_ kh^_j`Zgby b h[uqgh \g_ khagZgby HgZ hij_^_ey_lky g_[hevrbfb ih\lhjyxsbfbky f_ehqZfb
GZijbf_j dlh ]h\hjbl i_j\uf dlh i_j_[b\Z_l dlh ]^_ kZ^blky b \k_\hafh`gufb f_edbfb `_klZfb b g_\_j[Zevgufb ijhy\e_gbyfb dhlhju_ mijZ\eyxl ihlhdhf h[s_gby b [_afhe\gh dhff_glbjmxl lh qlh dZ`^uc ba gZk h k_[_ ^mfZ_l b dZdb_ bf_ggh m gZk hlghr_gby G_kdhevdh ih^jh[ghkl_c
IhdZau\Zy qlh \u kemrZ_l_ \u ijbagZ_l_ agZq_gb_ ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ K\hbf \gbfZgb_f \u ]h\hjbl_ qlh ijbagZ_l_ j_Zevghklv i_j_`b\Zgby ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ qlh \u ]hlh\u \u^_eblv _fm ijhkljZgkl\h qlh[u hg h[gZjm`be k\h_ ihegh_ ³y´ ij_^eZ]Zy \Zr_fm \gbfZgbx qZklb k_[y G_ h[_kp_gb\Zcl_ b g_ b]ghjbjmcl_ wlb qZklb dZd \iheg_ fh]eb k^_eZlv \ ijhrehf ^jm]b_ =h\hjy qlh lh \ hl\_l h gZkljh_gbb qm\kl\Zo b i_j_`b\Zgbyo ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ \g_kbl_ bo \ h[eZklv h[km`^Z_fh]h fZl_jbZeZ \ lh `_
\j_fy ijb^Z\Zy bf h[smx j_Zevghklv <ukdZau\Zgb_ lbiZ ³Fg_ dZ`_lky \u g_fgh]h g_j\gbqZ_l_´ ijhbag_k_ggh_ [_a hkm`^_gby b [_a gZjmr_gby jblfZ jZkkdZaZ ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ ± wlh kihkh[ k^_eZlv qm\kl\Z j_Zevgufb l_f qlh fh`gh bkiulu\Zlv b fh`gh h[km`^Zlv Hldjuluc jZa]h\hj h \k_f qlh gm`gh h[]h\hjblv i_j_`b\Zgb_ k\hbo qm\kl\ dZdbfb [u hgb gb [ueb ± bf_ggh wlh qZklh gm`gh k^_eZlv kZfh kh[hc jZamf_xsbfky Khi_j_`b\Zy lhfm qlh i_j_`b\Z_l ^jm]hc q_eh\_d iha\heyy _fm [ulv ih^^_j`b\Zy _]h _keb hg [_j_l gZ k_[y bgbpbZlb\m \u ihfh]Z_l_ _fm [ulv ohaybghf k\h_c `bagb BlZd qlh[u k gbf gb ijhbkoh^beh ijbgbfZcl_ wlh ?keb hg fheqbl \klj_qZcl_ _]h \ _]h fheqZgbb³H[ wlhf ljm^gh ]h\hjblv ijZ\^Z"´Ijb lZdhf hldebd_ _fm [m^_l e_]q_ gZqZlv
]h\hjblv kgh\Z <Zr_ kh[kl\_ggh_ `_eZgb_ ³qlh lh k^_eZlv´ fh`_l ih^h`^Zlv
<klj_qZcl_ _]h lZf ]^_ hg gZoh^blky KqblZcl_ wlh \uah\hf gZ ^hf LZd dZd ^ey deb_glZ aZ^ZqZ l_jZibb \ lhf qlh[u m]em[blvky \gmljv k_[y b gZclb k\hx
k_j^p_\bgm [hevrZy qZklv jZ[hlu l_jZi_\lZ khklhbl \ lhf qlh[u h[_ki_qblv [_ahiZkghklv wlh]h GZb\ukrZy hl\_lkl\_gghklv l_jZi_\lZ ± aZsbsZlv ^mo qm\kl\h gZ^_`^u b `bag_ggmx kbem Qlh[u ^hklbqv wlh]h [m^vl_ \ [_ahiZkghklb kZfb g_ km^bl_ ^jm]bo ijbgbfZcl_ bo b h[_ki_qb\Zcl_ [_ahiZkghklv kblmZpbb DhglZdl ± wlh hq_gv [_ahiZkguc kihkh[ \f_rZl_evkl\Z b _]h bkihevah\Zgb_ ]h\hjbl h lZdhc aZsbs_gghklb
Djhf_ lh]h h[km`^Zy gZ[ex^Zy b bgh]^Z ijhjZ[Zlu\Zy l_eh fu hij_^_ey_f _]h f_klh \ l_jZibb KZfZ b^_y h lhf qlh l_eh hljZ`Z_l ikbobq_kdmx `bagv gh\Z ^ey [hevrbgkl\Z ex^_c LZd qlh gm`gh q_ldh ijhykgblv gZrb b^_b b kihkh[u jZ[hlu k l_ehf Dhg_qgh \Z`gh \^h[Z\hd ijhykgblv qlh \iheg_ jZaj_rZ_lky bkiulu\Zlv b \ujZ`Zlv kbevgu_ wfhpbb ± hkh[_ggh qm\kl\Z dhlhju_ kqblZxlky³iehobfb´gZijbf_j aehklv g_gZ\bklv aZ\bklv b l ^ Wlh kihkh[ghklb ebqghklb _z lZeZglu _kl_kl\_ggu_ ijh^mdlu gZr_c ijbjh^u Fu bf__f ijZ\h bkiulu\Zlv \k_ wlb wfhpbb bo ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb b fgh]h_ ^jm]h_ Ih^^_j`b\Zcl_ b ijbgbfZcl_ \k_ qm\kl\Z b kZfh\ujZ`_gb_ Ijhklh h[_ki_qb\Zcl_ [_ahiZkghklv b mki_rghklv wlh]h < aZdexq_gb_ gm`gh kdZaZlv qlh gZ i_j\uo wlZiZo \aZbfhhlghr_gbc deb_gl b l_jZi_\l hij_^_eyxl dZd hgb [m^ml b]jZlv k\hb jheb Ij_^klZ\e_gby l_jZi_\lZ b deb_glZ h[ wlhf fh]ml [ulv hq_gv jZagufb DhglZdl ihfh]Z_l meZ^blv wlb hlebqby g_ kha^Z\Zy dhgnebdlZ
DhglZdl b `b\hklv J_amevlZlb\gu_ l_jZi_\lu b mki_rgu_ eb^_ju ]jmii agZxl dZd i_j_oh^blv d q_fm lh \hegmxs_fm Hiulgu_ l_jZi_\lu ijb\uqgh meZ\eb\Zxl kj_^b ijhq_]h lh gZkdhevdh deb_gl \hegm_lky WfhpbhgZevgh aZjy`_gguf l_fZf m^_ey_lky hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ DhglZdl k gbfb ijh^\b]Z_l ijhp_kk d lhc jZ[hl_ dhlhjZy `^_l \uiheg_gby L_jZi_\l fh`_l lZd`_ ^h`^Zlvky \heg_gby ij_`^_ q_f ijhy\eylv bgl_j_k kdZ`_f k^_eZ\ dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ DZd kdZaZe Njbp Izjea ³g_ h[oh^bfhklv g_ h[hclb´Kihkh[ bkihevah\Zlv kms_kl\mxs__ \heg_gb_ ± wlh ijhklh khkj_^hlhqblvky gZ g_f dh]^Z hgh _klv DhglZdl k wfhpbhgZevgh aZjy`_ggufb l_fZfb _s_ ^h lh]h dZd hgb mihfbgZxlky ± wlh e_]dbc kihkh[ ijb\e_qv d mqZklbx [_kkhagZl_evgh_ <ukdZau\Zgb_ lbiZ ³IhljZlvl_ gZ wlh klhevdh \j_f_gb kdhevdh \Zf gm`gh´ ij_^eh`_ggh_ q_eh\_dm dhlhjuc \k_]^Z qm\kl\h\Ze ^Z\e_gb_ b ki_rdm h[uqgh kjZam `_ \uau\Z_l bgl_j_k
DhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby Dh]^Z l_jZi_\l ij_^eZ]Z_l ijhklh_ ijyfh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ h l_dms_f i_j_`b\Zgbb deb_glZ g_ bklhedh\u\Zy _]h wlh dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ Qlh lh \jh^_ ³=jmklgh ^Z´ dh]^Z deb_gl gZqbgZ_l ijhy\eylv e_]dmx ]jmklv ± ohjhrbc ijbf_j DZd fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb wlh \ukdZau\Zgb_ fh`_l [ulv k\yaZgh k kh^_j`Zgb_f beb k l_dmsbf i_j_`b\Zgb_f <hl g_kdhevdh ijbf_jh\ dhglZdlbjh\Zgby k kh^_j`Zgb_f
deb_gl ]h\hjbl h khfg_gby g_m\_j_gghklv
\k_ lh qlh hg k^_eZe jZ^b k_fvb« lhf qlh m g_]h gZ mf_
dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ fgh]h \hijhkh\ ^Z
\u ^_ckl\bl_evgh klZjZebkv ihfhqv ^Z lZd qlh wlh \Zk bgl_j_km_l ijZ\^Z
G_kdhevdh ijbf_jh\ dhglZdlbjh\Zgby k l_dmsbf i_j_`b\Zgb_f
\b^bl_ ke_au m\eZ`g_ggu_ ]eZaZ
m^b\e_gb_ aZf_rZl_evkl\h
dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_
]jmklgh ^Z beb
k_cqZk _klv g_fgh]h ]jmklb ^Z wlh \Zk m^b\ey_l ^Z ljm^gh ihgylv ^Z
Fu lZd`_ hlf_lbeb qlh dhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ fh`_l hlghkblvky beb d lhfm qlh deb_gl m`_ khagZ_l beb d lhfm qlh gZoh^blky g_fgh]h aZ ij_^_eZfb _]h khagZgby <hl ijbf_j mihfbgZgby h q_f lh gZ ]jZgb khagZgby KdZ`_f deb_gl \hegm_lky jZkkdZau\Zy h lhf qlh ijhbahreh k gbf gZ ijhrehc g_^_e_ <f_klh lh]h qlh[u ]h\hjblv qlh lh \jh^_ ³H \Zf gZ\_jgh_ ijbrehkv g_e_]dh´ \ukdZau\Zgb_ dhlhjh_ hklZ_lky \ ijhrehf dhglZdlbjmcl_ k l_dmsbf i_j_`b\Zgb_f³<u i_j_`b\Z_l_ ih wlhfm ih\h^m ^Z´Bf_y \ \b^m ³Y aZf_lbe qlh \u bkiulu\Z_l_ kbevgu_ qm\kl\Z ijyfh k_cqZk >Z\Zcl_ khkj_^hlhqbfky gZ gbo´Beb kdZ`_f deb_gl k ljm^hf gZoh^bl keh\Z ^ey q_]h lh³Ljm^gh
]h\hjblv ^Z´ LZdb_ dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby h[jZsZxlky d lhfm qlh ijhbkoh^bl \ gZklhys_f gh g_ h[km`^Z_lky
DhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby h[uqgh djZldb_ b ijhklu_ ;eZ]h^Zjy wlhfm hgb g_
\u\h^yl deb_glZ ba _]h ijhp_kkZ Djhf_ lh]h bo e_]q_ kha^Z\Zlv b hgb k [hevr_c \_jhylghklvx ^hoh^yl ijyfh ^h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h I_j_`b\Zgby qZklh h^ghkeh\gu wlh lZdb_ keh\Z dZd i_qZev aehklv aZf_rZl_evkl\h b h[b^Z Ohly hgb djZldb_ b ijhklu_ dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby fh]ml [ulv hq_gv lhgdbfb b bglmblb\gufb hgb fh]ml ^_eZlv
[hevrb_ kdZqdb hl lh]h qlh ]h\hjblky d lhfm qlh \kz wlh agZqbl <ukdZau\Zgb_ \jh^_ ³Qm\kl\m_rv k_[y ihdbgmluf ^Z´ fh`_l dZd [u ijbclb gb k lh]h gb k k_]h b \kz `_ hdZaZlvky bf_ggh l_f qlh qm\kl\m_l ^jm]hc q_eh\_d < lh `_ \j_fy dhglZdlgu_
\ukdZau\Zgby fh]ml [ulv [_kijhb]jurgufb kh\_jr_ggh hq_\b^gufb b \kz `_ hq_gv wnn_dlb\gufb Dh]^Z deb_gl jZ[hlZ_l \gmljb k_[y b g_ ]h\hjbl hklZgZ\eb\Zykv b hklZ\eyy ijhkljZgkl\h ^ey l_jZi_\lZ l_jZi_\l fh`_l kdZaZlv qlh lh ijhklh_ \jh^_³Qlh
lh ijhbkoh^bl ^Z´ B deb_gl gZqbgZ_l ]h\hjblv h[ wlhf Ijhklh gh ^_ckl\m_l Wlh ihfh]Z_l ijhp_kkm b^lb lm^Z dm^Z hg ohq_l
DhglZdlgh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ ^he`gh ^Z\Zlvky lZd qlh[u m deb_glZ hklZ\ZeZkv
\hafh`ghklv g_ kh]eZkblvky G_ lh qlh[u fu ohl_eb g_kh]eZkby dh]^Z _]h kebrdhf fgh]h hgh gZjmrZ_l h[s_gb_ b fh`_l ih^hj\Zlv khljm^gbq_kl\h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h MklZgZ\eb\Zy dhglZdl g_ aZl_\Zcl_ kihj h lhf dlh ijZ\ < dhgp_ dhgph\ qv_ wlh i_j_`b\Zgb_"Deb_gl \k_]^Z ijZ\ >Z`_ dh]^Z \u m\_j_gu \ lhf qlh ijZ\u b ke_au l_dml jmqv_f ih ebpm deb_glZ ?keb hg ]h\hjbl ³G_l fg_ g_ ]jmklgh´ g_l gbdZdbo kihjh\EZh Pau³Y g_ kf_x i_j\uf gZqbgZlv y ^he`_g h`b^Zlv Y g_ kf_x gZklmiZlv ohly [u gZ \_jrhd \i_j_^ Z hlklmiZx gZ Zjrbg gZaZ^´ Emqr_ aZkem`blv khljm^gbq_kl\h b kha^Zlv [_ahiZkghklv Z g_ k\hx ijZ\hlm \ ^mjZpdhf \lhjhkl_i_gghf \hijhk_ LZd qlh l_jZi_\l ^he`_g [ulv ]hlh\ [ulv g_ijZ\uf b i_j_^Z\Zlv wlh ijb khh[s_gbb
\ukdZau\Zgby G_\hafh`gh dZ`^uc jZa ]h\hjblv ³Fh`_l [ulv y g_ijZ\ gh«´ Wlh ^he`gh [ulv qZklvx lh]h dZd ij_^eZ]Z_lky \ukdZau\Zgb_ B wlh ^he`gh ijhbkoh^blv ihklhyggh k dZ`^uf \ukdZau\Zgb_f Lh _klv wlh ^he`gh [ulv qZklvx [_kkhagZl_evgh]h hlghr_gby l_jZi_\lZ BgZq_ dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby g_ [m^ml mki_rgh ^_ckl\h\Zlv <f_kl_ k l_f wlh g_ fh`_l [ulv \hijhk <hijhk m`_ \ lhg_ ]hehkZ ihdZau\Z_l qlh l_jZi_\l q_]h lh g_ agZ_l b g_ gZoh^blky \ dhglZdl_ < g_f fh`_l \ujZ`Zlvky bgl_j_k beb ^Z`_ aZ[hlZ gh g_³ke_^h\Zgb_´ dZd \h njZa_³Y \gbfZl_evgh ke_`m aZ l_f qlh \u ]h\hjbl_´ ?keb y ihdZau\Zx wlh \u ijh^he`Z_l_ ^Zevr_ ?keb y ihdZau\Zx qlh fg_ gm`gh [hevr_ bgnhjfZpbb \u dZd [u gZqbgZ_l_ jZ[hlZlv ^ey f_gy Lh]^Z ijhp_kk klhihjblky < dhgp_ dhgph\ q_c wlh ijhp_kk Kebrdhf fgh]h \hijhkh\ b deb_gl ijhklh
`^_l ke_^mxs_]h ihlhf ke_^mxs_]h dZd gZ bgl_j\vx b g_ jZa\hjZqb\Z_lky gbq_]h kihglZggh]h Kmlv dhglZdlZ \ lhf qlh[u ijh^\b]Zlv ijhp_kk ^Zevr_ Djhf_ lh]h
\hijhku ihhsjyxl h[^mfu\Zgb_ b ^bklZgpbx Z dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby ihhsjyxl i_j_`b\Zgb_ b [ebahklv
Dh]^Z fu ^_eZ_f dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby fu g_ ij_^eZ]Z_f gbdZdbo h[tykg_gbc beb l_hjbc Fu g_ ^Z_f kh\_lu b g_ aZ^Z_f gbdZdbo \hijhkh\ ;h`_ miZkb LZdb_ \_sb kha^Zxl kh\_jr_ggh g_\_jgh_ \i_qZle_gb_ Fu ijhklh klZjZ_fky ihdZaZlv qlh fu gZoh^bfky \f_kl_ k q_eh\_dhf khagZ\Zy _]h i_j_`b\Zgb_ ke_^my aZ ihlhdhf _]h ijhp_kkZ G_ lhevdh aZ keh\Zfb deb_glZ Keh\Z \lhjbqgu I_j\bqgh i_j_`b\Zgb_ Y ohqm wlh hkh[h ih^q_jdgmlv ihlhfm qlh ohly wlh b dZ`_lky e_]dbf wlhfm kh\k_f g_ e_]dh gZmqblvky
Ыяюштухпнъхт
« ± wlh \ukfZljb\Zgb_ kb]gZeh\ l_dms_]h i_j_`b\Zgby ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ gZijbf_j m\eZ`g_gguo ]eZa \k_\hafh`guo \ujZ`_gbc ebpZ lhgZ ]hehkZ `_klh\ f_edbo beb djmiguo gh \ hkh[_gghklb f_edbo baf_g_gbc ihau ^\b`_gbc ^Z`_ klbey ^\b`_gbc beb ]hehkZ Kb]gZeh\ i_j_`b\Zgby ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ Fu mqbfky qblZlv bo b fu ihklhyggh bo qblZ_f \h \j_fy k_ZgkZ l_jZibb Wlh b _klv hlke_`b\Zgb_ Kb]gZeu wlb fh]ml [ulv hq_gv lhgdbfb < h[uqguo jZa]h\hjZo [hevrbgkl\h ba gbo ijhimkdZxlky beb \hkijbgbfZxlky \g_ khagZgby < l_jZibb wlh lhl yaud gZ dhlhjhf deb_gl ihklhyggh
]h\hjbl Z l_jZi_\l ihklhyggh kemrZ_l ;_a [_]eh]h \eZ^_gby wlbf yaudhf ihklhyggh dZq_kl\_ggu_ dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby g_\hafh`gu Hlke_`b\Zgb_ hagZqZ_l aZf_qZlv
hiylv `_ bk ke_^h\Zlv \k_ l_ f_ehqb dhlhju_ ijhbkoh^yl dh]^Z dlh lh ]h\hjbl hkh[_ggh lh qlh g_ ijh]h\Zjb\Z_lky Wlh hagZqZ_l mf_lv qblZlv bo dZd dexqb d l_dms_fm i_j_`b\Zgbx b agZq_gbyf ]h\hjys_]h < lhf qlh ijhbkoh^bl \g_ keh\ _klv h]jhfgh_ dhebq_kl\h hq_gv ihe_aghc bgnhjfZpbb Kijhkbl_ ex[h]h k_jv_agh]h b]jhdZ \ ihd_j Wlb \g_rgb_ kb]gZeu dhff_glbjmxl lh qlh ]h\hjysbc qm\kl\m_l ih ih\h^m ijh]h\Zjb\Z_fuo \_s_c Hgb \ujZ`Zxl gZ yaud_ l_eZ lh qlh g_ \ujZ`Z_lky keh\Zfb Wlh ^Z`_ g_ ijhklh kb]gZeu l_dms_]h i_j_`b\Zgby wlh ijyfu_ ijhy\e_gby [_kkhagZl_evgh]h I_j_^
l_jZi_\lhf klhbl ^\hcgZy aZ^ZqZ gZoh^blvky \ fbj_ deb_glZ \h \k_o h[uqguo kfukeZo b h^gh\j_f_ggh [ulv \g_ wlh]h fbjZ mf_y \b^_lv _]h \ h[s_c dZjlbg_ Hlke_`b\Zgb_ ± wlh ihklhyggh_ ke_^h\Zgb_ aZ q_eh\_dhf \ _]h p_ehklghklb aZ khagZl_evguf b
[_kkhagZl_evguf k g_ij_ju\guf dhglZdlhf
Hlke_`b\Zgb_ [_kkhagZl_evgh]h ih^]hlZ\eb\Z_l ihq\m ^ey dhglZdlZ b \aZbfh^_ckl\by k gbf k p_evx kha^Zgby e_q_[guo hlghr_gbc Ijhklhc ijbf_j Q_eh\_d ijboh^bl kZ^blky b \u aZf_qZ_l_ qlh hg \u]ey^bl gZijy`_ggh b g_j\gh KdZ`bl_³DZ`_lky \u g_fgh]h [hbl_kv ^Z´ Fh`_l [ulv q_eh\_d gZ kZfhf ^_e_ ^mfZe h lhf qlh kdZaZlv g_ khagZ\Zy k\h_c jh[hklb \ wlhl fhf_gl Dh]^Z \u ij_^eZ]Z_l_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ h[ wlhf q_eh\_d hkhagZ_l jh[hklv \ wlhl fhf_gl b magZ_l fh`_l b g_ ^mfZy h[ wlhf qlh \u aZf_qZ_l_ qlh hg i_j_`b\Z_l >ey g_]h wlh h[uqgh h[e_]q_gb_ H[uqgh Hkh[_ggh _keb
\Zr ]hehk \ujZ`Z_l kbfiZlbx Wlh ihfh]Z_l kha^Zlv [_ahiZkghklv b kem`bl gZqZehf agZqbfh]h h[s_gby k q_eh\_dhf dZd _^bguf p_euf K ^jm]hc klhjhgu _keb \u ihklhyggh khkj_^hlhqb\Z_l_kv gZ kh^_j`Zgbb jZa]h\hjZ g_ aZf_qZy lh]h qlh ijhbkoh^bl \hdjm] g_]h g_ mf_y dhglZdlbjh\Zlv k i_j_`b\Zgb_f b qm\kl\Zfb lh ijhp_kk e_]dh klZgh\blky kdmqguf KdmdZ dZd ijbagZd bgl_ee_dlZ kb]gZebabjm_l l_jZi_\lm qlh hg k[beky \ klhjhgm hl lh]h qlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh bgl_j_kgh ^ey g_]h b ^ey ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ Wlh kb]gZe d lhfm qlh[u gZqZlv bkdZlv kihkh[ \uiju]gmlv ba kbkl_fu _keb fu g_ kh[bjZ_fky ^j_fZlv kqblZy qlh [h^jkl\m_f < l_jZibx \^uoZ_l `bagv hlke_`b\Zgb_ lh]h qlh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb ijhbkoh^bl Dh]^Z h\eZ^_\Z_rv wlbf bkdmkkl\hf hgh klZgh\blky g_bkq_jiZ_fuf bklhqgbdhf ex[hiulkl\Z b g_\_jhylgh bgl_j_kgh
Kihkh[ghklv hlke_`b\Zlv jZkrbjy_l khagZgb_ ^h _]h ]jZgbp ^h lh]h qlh hkyaZ_fh j_Zevgh b ijhbkoh^bl gh g_ h[]h\Zjb\Z_lky IhdZ qlh
G_dhlhju_ `_klu ^\b`_gby fh^meypbb ]hehkZ b baf_g_gby \ujZ`_gby ebpZ dhlhju_ fu hlke_`b\Z_f ijhbkoh^yl hq_gv [ukljh Bgh]^Z f_gvr_ q_f aZ ihek_dmg^u Hgb ijhbkoh^yl \k_ \j_fy B ihqlb \k_ \j_fy fu bo g_ aZf_qZ_f Mqblu\Zy _kl_kl\_ggmx kdehgghklv aZ\hjZ`b\Zlvky keh\Zfb l_jZi_\l ^he`_g jZa\blv mf_gb_ hlke_`b\Zlv >ey wlh]h h[uqgh gm`gh \j_fy G_ lh qlh[u wlh [ueh ljm^gh ^_eZlv Kdhj__ ljm^gh ihfgblv h lhf qlh[u wlh ^_eZlv Hgh hq_gv ihoh`_ gZ hkhagZgghklv \ lhf qlh hgh hldjulh qm\kl\bl_evgh f_g__ p_e_gZijZ\e_ggh ?keb fu [_ahrb[hqgh hlke_`b\Z_f i_j_`b\Zgb_ deb_glZ lh fu fh`_f ^_eZlv ohjhrb_ dhglZdlgu_ \ukdZau\Zgby B ijb dZ`^hf k^_eZgghf \ukdZau\Zgbb ijb dZ`^hc bkihevah\Zgghc l_ogbd_ ijb dZ`^hf bkijh[h\Zgghf wdki_jbf_gl_ fu hlke_`b\Z_f j_Zdpbb deb_glZ gZ lh qlh fu k^_eZeb LZd qlh wlh g_[hevrhc pbde Hlke_^bl_ dhglZdlbjmcl_ hlke_^bl_ ihke_^kl\by dhglZdlZ DZd deb_gl ijh^\bgmeky ^Zevr_ ihke_ lh]h dZd fu k^_eZeb qlh lh KdhglZdlbjmcl_ k wlbf B lZd ^Ze__ b lZd ^Ze__ dZd rZjbdhih^rbigbdb h[e_]qZy ijhp_kk k fbgbfmfhf lj_gby b ihl_jygguo mkbebc B^lb dm^Z lh ke_^my L_jZi_\lu dhlhju_ bkihevamxl mf_gby hlke_`b\Zgby b dhglZdlZ ihoh`b gZ bkke_^h\Zl_e_c beb wdki_jbf_glZlhjh\ hlke_`b\Zxsbo lZdlbq_kdb_ ih^jh[ghklb \h \j_fy ihbkdZ [he__ ]eh[Zevguo bklbg DZd m
[u\Zeuo iml_r_kl\_ggbdh\ ^h[bjZxsboky ^h ihexkZ gZr \a]ey^ ijbdh\Zg d kh[ZdZf dh]^Z fu ]hgbf kZgb d ]hjbahglm
Hlke_`b\Zgb_ khklhygbc khagZgby <hl g_dhlhju_ \g_rgb_ ijbagZdb q_luj_o khklhygbc khagZgby
h[uqgh_ khagZgb_
deb_gl kfhljbl gZ l_jZi_\lZ ]eZaZ hldjulu
lhg b l_fi jZa]h\hjgu_ wfhpbc fZeh beb hgb ih^ dhgljhe_f
hkhagZgghklv
]eZaZ kdehggu aZdju\Zlvky
j_qv klZgh\blky fy]q_ b aZf_^ey_lky ijb[ebabl_evgh gZiheh\bgm
dh]^Z q_eh\_d ]h\hjbl beb hl\_qZ_l gZ \hijhku hg khojZgy_l kihdhckl\b_ b g_lhjhieb\hklv _]h ]eZaZ hklZxlky aZdjulufb
_klv \k_ ijbagZdb e_]dh]h ljZgkZ g_ih^\b`ghklv h[^mfZgguc g_ki_rguc klbev fy]dh_ ^uoZgb_
khklhygb_ j_[zgdZ
^_lkdbc ]hehk ijhklZy kljmdlmjZ ij_^eh`_gbc
\ujZ`_gby ebpZ `_klu b l_eh \u]ey^yl fheh`_ q_eh\_d kl_kgy_lky dZd j_[zghd qm\kl\h m^b\e_gby
kimkd q_j_a ihjh]b
\heg_gb_ \ujZ`Zxlky kbevgu_ wfhpbb
\heghh[jZagu_ ^\b`_gby l_eZ aZljm^g_ggh_ ^uoZgb_
аюянъыпштъхт ыюыфънъъыюях
Khklhygb_ khagZgby Ij_`^_ q_f ijh[h\Zlv \uau\Zlv hkhagZggu_ i_j_`b\Zgby gm`gh mklZgh\blv kZfm hkhagZgghklv <hafh`gh \u ihfgbl_ ih ]eZ\_ qlh hkhagZgghklv
± wlh g_h[uqgh_ khklhygb_ khagZgby Wlh hldjulh_ jZgbfh_ khklhygb_ ^ey dhlhjh]h gm`gu hlghr_gby \ dhlhjuo m`_ mklZgh\e_gu [_ahiZkghklv b \aZbfhihgbfZgb_
jZiihjl Ij_`^_ q_f bkihevah\Zlv l_ogbdb lbiZ ijh[ b i_j_gbfZgby ^ey \uah\Z i_j_`b\Zgbc gm`gh ih^]hlh\blv g_kdhevdh \_s_c <h i_j\uo hlghr_gby >he`gu m`_ bkihevah\Zlvky f_lh^u ^ey kha^Zgby hlghr_gbc hlke_`b\Zgby dhglZdlZ ijbh[j_l_gby khljm^gbq_kl\Z [_kkhagZl_evgh]h >he`gu [ulv gZebph \k_ ijbagZdb khljm^gbq_kl\Z <h \lhjuo ij_`^_ q_f y gZqbgZx jZ[hlZlv gZ^ hkhagZgghklvx y ohjhrh k_[_ ij_^klZ\eyx gZ qlh k_cqZk gZijZ\e_g bgl_j_k ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ Y ij_^klZ\eyx k_[_ qlh y kh[bjZxkv
^_eZlv dh]^Z [m^_l mklZgh\e_gZ hkhagZgghklv Y ij_^klZ\eyx k_[_ qlh \uah\_l bgl_j_kgh_ agZqbfh_ i_j_`b\Zgb_ G_aZq_f \uau\Zlv imklh_ i_j_`b\Zgb_ < lj_lvbo y `^m ihdZ q_eh\_d g_ aZdhgqbl ]h\hjblv fg_ \k_ qlh hg kh[bjZ_lky fg_ kdZaZlv >Z`_
_keb y ohjhrh k_[_ ij_^klZ\eyx qlh ^_eZlv y ohqm dZd fh`gh iheg__ ihgylv q_eh\_dZ b ^Zlv _fm \j_fy aZdhgqblv Dh]^Z deb_gl aZdhgqbl ]h\hjblv lh qlh hg ohq_l fg_ kdZaZlv hg i_j_klZg_l ]h\hjblv b ih^h`^_l qlh[u y k^_eZe ke_^mxsbc rZ] Lh]^Z deb_gl fh`_l aZh^gh k[Z\blv l_fi b jZkkeZ[blvky Y lh`_ ^h[b\Zxkv b `^m wlh]h kgb`_gby l_fiZ b jZkkeZ[e_gby Dh]^Z \kz wlh ih^]hlh\e_gh y fh]m kijhkblv deb_glZ ohq_l eb hg ihjZ[hlZlv gZ^ l_f qlh dZ`_lky bgl_j_kguf
?keb hg ohq_l y ijhrm _]h h[jZlblvky \gmljv \hafh`gh aZdjulv ]eZaZ jZkkeZ[blvky b ijhklh aZf_qZlv lh qlh ijhbkoh^bl dh]^Z y «b aZl_f y ^_eZx ijh[m beb ijbagZgb_ Y g_ ijhrm ijyfh h[ hkhagZgghklb Y ijhrm h[jZlblvky \gmljv Y ]h\hjx qlh lh \jh^_
ijhklh aZf_qZcl_«\Zf gbq_]h g_ gm`gh ^_eZlv«fh`_l_ [ulv ijhklh hldjulufb iha\heyy fhbf keh\Zf ijboh^blv b aZf_qZy \k_ qlh
ijhbkoh^bl \ \Zr_f i_j_`b\Zgbb« wlh fh`_l [ulv fukev qm\kl\h hsms_gb_ h[jZa« wlh fh`_l [ulv \hkihfbgZgb_« wlh fh`_l [ulv dZdh_ lh ih[m`^_gb_ beb baf_g_gb_ gZijy`_gby furp« hlke_`b\Zcl_ imklv ^Z`_ gbq_]h g_ ijhbkoh^bl
Y ]h\hjx qlh lh ih^h[gh_ hdheh ljb^pZlb k_dmg^ Y g_ ]h\hjx wlh \ h[uqghf jZa]h\hjghf lhg_ b l_fi_ Y ih^[bjZx k\hc l_fi lhg b bkihevam_fu_ keh\Z d lhfm khklhygbx khagZgby dhlhjh_ y ohqm \ua\Zlv Y lZd`_ ^_eZx wlh dh]^Z y jZ[hlZx k j_[zgdhf beb dh]^Z y jZ[hlZx ijyfh k [_kkhagZl_evguf Qlh[u ih^kljhblvky d hkhagZgghklb y aZf_^eyx l_fi gZiheh\bgm beb _s_ f_^e_gg__ Y bkihevamx fy]dbc lhg
]hehkZ dZd ijb jZa]h\hj_ k l_f dlh m`_ gZoh^blky \ ljZgk_ Y bkihevamx lhqgu_ ijhklu_ keh\Z b djZldb_ ij_^eh`_gby Ih^kljZb\Zykv d l_fim deb_glZ y ihklhyggh hlke_`b\Zx gZkdhevdh hg jZkkeZ[e_g b h[jZs_g \h\gmljv Y g_ ijh^he`Zx lZd ]h\hjblv _keb g_
\b`m qlh deb_gl \hkijbbfqb\ b kihdh_g < khklhygbb hkhagZgghklb l_eh deb_glZ hq_gv kihdhcgh b kdhj__ \k_]h g_fgh]h ^\b`mlky ]eZaZ \\_jo b \gba ih^ aZdjulufb \_dZfb Y hlke_`b\Zx wlh Z lZd`_ ijbagZdb lh]h qlh deb_gl aZbgl_j_kh\Zg b ^_ckl\bl_evgh kemrZ_l gZijbf_j e_]dbc gZdehg ]heh\u
Bgh]^Z deb_glm ljm^gh \hclb \ khklhygb_ hkhagZgghklb Wlh [u\Z_l j_^dh hkh[_ggh
_keb hlghr_gby ohjhrb_ jZkkdZa aZdhgq_g b hij_^_e_gZ h[eZklv bgl_j_kZ Gh wlh \k_ lZdb bgh]^Z [u\Z_l H[uqgh q_eh\_d g_ fh`_l ^hklZlhqgh jZkkeZ[blvky qlh[u mkihdhblvky \gmljb A^_kv gm`_g ^jm]hc l_jZi_\lbq_kdbc ih^oh^ fZkkZ` nbabq_kdb_ mijZ`g_gby ^b_lZ hlimkd beb \hafh`gh qlh lh f_^bpbgkdh_ Wlh j_^db_ kemqZb m f_gy wlh [ueh f_gvr_ ^x`bgu jZa aZ \k_ wlb ]h^u Gh wlh [u\Z_l
Dh]^Z hkhagZgghklv lZdbf h[jZahf mklZgh\e_gZ fu bkihevam_f dhgdj_lgu_ l_ogbdb qlh[u \uau\Zlv i_j_`b\Zgby L_ogbdb hibkZgu \ ihke_^mxsbo ]eZ\Zo wlhc dgb]b IhdZ qlh ^hklZlhqgh agZlv qlh ijb bkihevah\Zgbb l_ogbd i_j\uc ijbgpbi ± g_gZkbeb_ GZkbeb_ mgbqlh`Z_l hkhagZgghklv m \k_o djhf_ jZa\_ qlh hq_gv g_h[uqguo ex^_c Fu h`b^Z_f qlh ^Z`_ djZldb_ fhf_glu hkhagZgghklb ijbg_kml agZqbfu_ i_j_`b\Zgby Wlb \ua\Zggu_ i_j_`b\Zgby fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey ^hklmiZ d wfhpbyf khklhygbx j_[zgdZ
]em[bgguf m[_`^_gbyf \hkihfbgZgbyf b h[jZaZf Beb bo fh`gh m]em[blv qlh[u klZ[bebabjh\Zlv b jZa\blv bo Wlh i_j_oh^ d ijhjZ[hld_ dhlhju_ hibku\Z_lky ^Ze__
Ьэхщт нъх ч ршнпт
< klZlv_ ©F_^\_^vª /RPL 6FKRRO %XOOHWLQ :LQWHU JbqZj^ O_de_j ibr_l \ :cdb^h fu bgh]^Z ]h\hjbf qlh j_r_gb_ fh`_l gZoh^blvky \ k_j_^bg_ ijh[e_fu b qlh wg_j]by beb ZlZdZ fh`_l kZfZ k_[y bkq_jiu\Zlv Fu ]h\hjbf lZd ihlhfm qlh \ Zcdb^h
_klv ^\b`_gb_ \hiehsZxs__ \ k_[_ wlh dZq_kl\h \klj_qb ebphf d ebpm Hgh gZau\Z_lky
©bjbfbª b i_j_\h^blky dZd©\oh`^_gb_ª Dh]^Z gm`gh ijbf_gblv l_ogbdm©bjbfbª fu lj_gbjm_fky \oh^blv ijyfh \ k_j^p_\bgm ZlZdb beb kblmZpbb Wlh ^\b`_gb_ \oh`^_gby g_Z]j_kkb\gh \ lhf kfuke_ qlh hgh ijh\h^blky ^ey kebygby k ijh[e_fhc beb ZlZdhc Z g_
^ey ijhlb\hklhygby beb hl\_lgh]h m^ZjZ Fu ijb[eb`Z_fky d wlhc ijboh^ys_c wg_j]bb [m^v lh nbabq_kdZy ZlZdZ beb keh\_kgZy lbjZ^Z qlh[u i_j_`blv _z \ kZfhc _z kmlb b bkoh^y ba wlh]h l\hjq_kdb k g_c ihjZ[hlZlvª
< ©>Zh >w PabgªEZh Pau ]h\hjbl©kh\_jr_gghfm^juc klZ\bl k_[y ihaZ^b ^jm]bo [eZ]h^Zjy q_fm hg hdZau\Z_lky \i_j_^bª
DZd \b^bl_ m f_gy imgdlbd gZkqzl \hijhkh\
DZd hlf_qZ_l >m]eZk Ohnrl_^l_j fZrbgu hlebqZxlky hl ex^_c l_f qlh fZrbgZf g_ [u\Z_l kdmqgh Njbp Izjea kdZaZe©KdmdZ ± wlh \ul_kg_ggZy jZ^hklvª
Bgh]^Z deb_gl gbdZd g_ fh`_l aZdhgqblv k\hc ijbf_gblv \uiju]b\Zgb_ ba kbkl_fu Hgh hibku\Z_lky \
jZkkdZa < lZdhf kemqZ_ gm`gh ]eZ\_