- •Psychology
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Part I. Introducing psychology Text 1. Special Fields of Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Physiological Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Gestalt Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Social Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Part II. Family psychology Text 1. Family Relations
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Cohabitation.
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Family Problems
- •Assignments:
- •Text 4. Single-Parent Families
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Stepfamilies
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Ten Tips for Building a Marriage
- •Assignments
- •Text 7.The Difficult Child
- •Assignments
- •Text 8. Handling Aggressive Children
- •Assignments
- •Агресивні діти
- •Part III. Psychology of sex relations. Behavioral therapies.
- •3.1 Psychology of sex relations Text 1.Can Men and Women Be Friends?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Men and Women Really do Think Differently
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Psychological Problems of Sex Relations
- •Assigments
- •3.2. Behavioral therapies Text 1. The Approaches to Therapy.
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Reciprocal Inhibition
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Desensitization in Real Life Situations
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Other Methods of Treating Psychological Disorders.
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Assertive Training
- •Assignments
- •Part IV. Temperament. Emotions
- •4.1 Temperament Text1. Personality: What is Temperament?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2.The Four Temperaments in General
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. How to Define Your Temperament
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Personality and Handwriting
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Left-Handed People
- •Assignments
- •Про що можливо дізнатися з почерку?
- •4.2 Emotions Тext 1. What Are Emotions?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Kinds of Emotions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Loving
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Fear and Anger
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Long-Тerm Arousal
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Attributions
- •Assignments
- •Text 7. Locus of Control
- •Assignments
- •Part V. Human feelings. Phobias.
- •5.1 Human feelings. Text 1. Our Feelings as the Motor of Our Life
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. How do We Loose Our Feelings?
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Negative Feelings
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Find Constructive Ways to Release Your Anger
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Shyness is a Common Social Problem
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. What is Modesty?
- •Assignments
- •5.2 Phobias Text 1. Social Phobia
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Facts about Phobias
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Social Phobia in Children
- •Text 4. Panic
- •Assignments
- •Part VI. Stress Text 1. Types of Stress
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Common Stress Symptoms
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Stress Areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Priorities in Managing Stress
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Stress Management and Communication
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Stress Management Techniques
- •Assignments
- •Text 7. Steps to Combat Stress
- •Assignments
- •Part VII.Sleep and dreams. Memory and brain.
- •7.1. Sleep and dreams Text 1. Sleep
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. The Mystery of Sleep
- •Assignments
- •Text 3 . Sweet Dreams
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. The Meaning of Dreams
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Freud and Dreams
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Body Clock
- •Assignments
- •7.2 Memory and brain. Text 1. Memory
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Inside the Brain.
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Hypnotherapy
- •Assignments
- •Part VIII. Psychology of learning. Psychology in work.
- •8.1 Psychology of learning. Text 1. Asociation Learning
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Treating Phobias.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Operant Conditioning
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Imitation and Modelling
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Schemas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •8.2. Psychology in work Text 1. Psychological Theories about Unemployment and Retirement
- •Latent functions of working
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Retirement and Responsibility
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Leadership
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Choosing People for Jobs
- •Assignments
- •Список літератури
Text 4. Priorities in Managing Stress
How we manage three fundamental elements of our lives dramatically affects the way we react to stressful situations: priorities; expectations; coping with change. Clearly defining personal and professional priorities reduces stress. Priorities give us: a way to evaluate stressful situations; a basis for making difficult decisions; a sense of perspective.
Priorities are based on what is fundamentally important in our lives at home and at work. Defining personal and professional priorities helps reduce stress by:
giving us long-term direction and purpose;
allowing us to tolerate short-term stress by focusing on the future;
helping us understand we can't be all things to all people;
defining a more realistic set of roles for ourselves (husband/wife; father/mother; career person, caretaker);
allowing us to meet more of our own needs.
We need to organize our personal priorities in terms of the quality of relationships we want (friends, family etc.); obligations to meet our own needs; commitments outside the work and family.
Essential to stress management is good time management. A good time management system allows us not only to keep track of appointments but also to organize important aspects of our life (work projects, deadlines, telephone calls, long-range planning, etc.). Practicing good time management allows us to have maximum options in terms of work and home priorities; have a sense of control; reinforce priorities; have a positive structure to function in each day.
A good time management system is easy and convenient to use; is portable, so it can be used at home and in the office; allows us to reschedule our time, organize, meet deadlines and plan.
Be flexible. Don't establish priorities and then try to rigidly adhere to them. Be prepared to accept minor setbacks. Often we have unrealistic expectations of others - we expect them to behave based on our wants. Establish realistic expectations of others by:
identifying our own needs;
determining if the other person can meet them;
discussing our needs to see if the other person wants to meet them;
summarizing our mutual expectations;
identifying a deadline for fulfilment of the obligation;
evaluating the outcome, if appropriate.
Perfectionism is another major cause of stress. Stress is virtually guaranteed when we tend to be the perfect employee; perfect husband/wife; perfect host/hostess; perfect parent.
Establishing priorities with realistic expectations helps combat perfectionism. We can avoid perfectionism by:
• realizing that mistakes are normal and allowing time to correct them;
• understanding that making mistakes can increase our knowledge and skills;
• realizing that a quality product which meets a deadline is more important than a perfect product which is late or never finished.
Trying to be something we are not is a self-expectation that causes considerable stress.
Learn to confront and adapt to major and minor changes. We must learn to accept change so we can minimize a great deal of stress.
(Kristine C. Brewer. Managing Stress. ─ England: Gower Publishing Limited, 1997. ─ 82 p.)