uchebnik-po-angliyskomu-yaziku-dlya-gumanitariev

Lesson Twenty-one (21)

The twenty first lesson

Grammar

Step 98

Сослагательное наклонение. Три типа условных предложений (§§ 97, 98)

I. If it does not rain tomorrow, we	реальное, вероятное
shall go to the country.	условие	(изъяви
Если завтра не будет дождя, мы	тельное наклонение)
поедем за город.
II. If it did not rain today, we should	маловероятное,		по
go to the country.	чти нереальное усло
Если бы сегодня не было дождя,	вие (сослагательное
мы бы поехали за город.	наклонение)
III. If it had not rained yesterday, we	нереальное,	неверо
should have gone to the country.	ятное условие		(со
Если бы вчера не было дождя,	слагательное накло
мы бы поехали за город.	нение)

Условные предложения

Тип	Время	Главное	Придаточное	Переводится
	усло	предложение	предложение	на русский
	вия			язык
I	насто	We shall go to	if the weather	изъявитель
	ящее,	the country	is fine.	ным	накло
	буду	(Future Inde	(Present Inde	нением:
	щее	finite)	finite)	Если	погода
				будет	хоро
				шей, мы по
				едем за город.

Союзы условных предложений

если, при условии

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								Продолжение
	Тип	Время	Главное			Придаточное		Переводится
		усло	предложение			предложение		на русский
		вия						язык
	II	насто	We should go			if the weather
		ящее,	to the country			were fine.		сослагатель
		буду	(форма,		сов	(форма, сов
		щее	падающая			падающая	с	ным	накло
			с	Future in		Past Indefi		нением с час
			the Past)			nite)		тицей бы:
								Если	бы	по
	II	про	We	should		if the weather
								года была хо
		шед	have gone to			had been fine.		рошей, мы бы
		шее	the	country		(форма, сов		поехали		за
			(yesterday)			падающая	с	город.
			(форма,		сов	Past Perfect)
			падающая с
			Future		Per
			fect in the
			Past)

if provided

providing (that)

on condition (that) — при условии что in case — в случае если

unless — если не

1. Переведите на русский язык:

А

1. a) If you study hard, you will pass your exams successfully.

b)If you studied hard, you would pass your exams successfully.

c)If you had studied hard, you would have passed your exams successfully. 2. a) We should invite him unless he left Moscow.

b)We should have invited him unless he had left Moscow. 3. a) Providing she told me about it, I should believe her. b) Pro viding she had told me about it, I should have believed her. 4. a) If the plane left in time, it would arrive here in two hours. b) If the

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plane had left in time, it would have arrived here in two hours. c) If the plane leaves in time, it will arrive here in two hours.

B

1. a) If it were not so cold, we should walk. b) If it had not been so cold, we should have walked. 2. a) If he were in Moscow now, he would ring you up. b) If he had been in Moscow yesterday, he would have rung you up. 3. a) If I were you, I should go to the South during the winter holidays. b) If I had been you, I should have gone to the South during the winter holidays.

C

1. a) If I had free time, I should devote it to reading. b) If I had had free time, I should have devoted it to reading. 2. a) Providing I had money, I should buy a radio set. b) Providing I had had money, I should have bought a radio set. 3. a) My report would be ready tomorrow provided I had all necessary materials. b) My report would have been ready yesterday provided I had had all necessary materials. 4. a) He would finish his project unless he were ill. b) He would have finished his project unless he had been ill.

D

1.a) If I saw him, I could speak to him. b) If I had seen him, I could have spoken to him. 2. a) Provided he went there alone, he might not find the place. b) Provided he had gone there alone, he might not have found the place. 3. a) I might answer the letter if I knew her address. b) I might have answered her letter long ago if I had known her address. 4. a) Unless she fell ill, she could take part in this work. b) Unless she had fallen ill, she could have taken part in this work. c) Unless he attached importance to his words, he would not mention them in his talk.

2.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What would you do if you were free now? 2. Whom would you have visited if you had been in your native town last summer?

3.What kind of sports would you go in for if you had time?

4.Where would you go if it were summer now? 5. Would you be glad if your friends came to see you tonight? 6. Would you go to the country if the weather were fine next Sunday? 7. What

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would you have answered her if your girlfriend had invited you to a dancing party? 8. Would any of your friends object if I joined you for a skiing trip?

3. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Если бы он был здесь сейчас, он бы помог нам. 2. Если бы вы послали письмо на прошлой неделе, они бы его уже получили.

3.Мы бы не опоздали на поезд, если бы вышли на два часа раньше. 4. Если бы его картина не представляла интереса, ее бы не выбрали на выставку. 5. Если бы я был художником, я бы написал ее портрет. 6. Если бы я была на вашем месте, я бы не обращала внимания на ее слова. 7. Даже если бы у меня был билет, я не смог бы пойти вчера на футбольный матч. 8. Если бы я смог прийти к вам вчера вечером, я принес бы вам эту книгу. 9. Если бы он придавал значение работе над проблемой, он бы обеспечил нас необходимым оборудо ванием.

4.Переделайте следующие предложения с реальными условиями в предло

жения, которые бы выражали маловероятные или невыполнимые условия:

1. If you ask him, he will get a ticket for this performance. 2. If I stay here, I shall take part in your work. 3. You will achieve better results provided you apply this method. 4. Unless it is too late, I can call on you. 5. We shall be cold in winter unless we use the central heating. 6. He may leave today if he fulfils his task. 7. If I go to St. Petersburg, I shall visit the Hermitage by all means.

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Step 99

Бессоюзное присоединение придаточных условных предложений (§ 99)

1.Had he displayed (= if he had displayed) his artistic abilities, he would have been accepted to the Insti tute.

2.Were I (= if I were) in your place, I should act differently.

Если бы он проявил свои художественные способно сти, его бы приняли в ин ститут.

(Ср.: Прояви он свои художественные способности...)

Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы вел себя иначе. (Ср.: Будь я на вашем ме сте...)

5. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1. Were we free tomorrow, we should go to the museum. 2. Had he time, he might complete the work sooner. 3. Had you informed me beforehand, I should have come by all means. 4. Had we been given more time to fulfil the job, the result might have been different. 5. Had there been any changes, the committee would have known it. 6. Were he given this work, he would do his best to show his skill. 7. Could you stay a little longer, we should tell you the news. 8. Had he overcome the obstacles, he would have become a prominent scientist. 9. The day would be wonderful, were it not so hot. 10. He would take part in the discussion, were he not so tired.

6. Измените предложения, опустив союз и использовав инверсию, где воз можно:

1. If she fell ill, we should call the doctor at once. 2. If it were not so late, I should go to the cinema with pleasure. 3. If he had learnt all grammar rules, he would not have made so many mistakes in his dictation. 4. If she were in your place, she would fulfil the task in a few days. 5. If you had spoken more clearly, everybody would have understood you.

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7. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение слова if :

1. союз если

if 2. частица ли в косвенных вопросах

1. If he had joined our expedition, he would have learnt plenty of interesting things concerning natural phenomena. 2. We asked the scientist if he had a good command of foreign languages. 3. She was asked if she knew the shortest way to the station. 4. If I had understood the importance of the matter, I should have acted differently. 5. If he keeps us waiting, we shall miss the train. 6. We asked the dean if it was necessary for the students to attend the conference. 7. We wanted to know if your friend would stay with us over the week end. 8. I was not sure if the train would arrive in time. 9. The question is if we should be able to carry out this gigantic amount of work in such a short time. 10. She would not be able to join us for a trip, even if you invited her for she is ill and has to stay in bed. 11. Would you have answered the question in the same way if you had been in my place? 12. The doctor wants to know if everything is ready.

Step 100

Сослагательное наклонение (§ 97)

Аналитические формы

I	should (для 1 го и 2 го л.)		+	Indefinite Infinitive
	would (для остальных лиц)			или Perfect Infinitive1
II	should (для всех лиц)	+	Indefinite Infinitive
			или Perfect Infinitive1
III	would (для всех лиц)	+	Indefinite Infinitive
			или Perfect Infinitive1

1Indefinite Infinitive употребляется для выражения действия, относя щегося к настоящему или будущему; Perfect Infinitive — для выражения действия, относящегося к прошлому.

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	Синтетические формы
IV	Инфинитив без to для всех лиц (be, take, write)
V	форма, омонимичная форме:
	а) Past Indefinite — wrote,	выражает действие, от
	worked, were (для глагола	носящееся к настояще
	to be — were для всех лиц)	му и будущему
	б) Past Perfect — had, written,	выражает действие, от
	had worked, had been	носящееся к прошед
		шему времени

Употребление сослагательного наклонения

впридаточных предложениях

1.Придаточное подлежащее после оборотов типа:

it is required it is necessary it is important

it is possible it is desirable it is probable

Пример	Перевод		Форма
It is necessary that he	Необходимо, чтобы он		II, IV
should go (go) there at	пошел туда тотчас же.
once.
It was desirable that	Желательно	было,
the meeting should take	чтобы собрание состо
(take) place in three days.	ялось через три дня.

2. Дополнительное придаточное. После следующих глаголов

в главном предложении:
to order	to propose
to demand	to recommend
to suggest

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	Пример				Перевод		Форма
We	suggested	that	this		Мы предложили, что		II, IV
project (should) be discus					бы этот проект подроб
sed in detail.					но обсудили.
They demanded			that		Они требовали, чтобы
the	labour	conditions			условия труда были
(should) be improved.					улучшены.
3. Обстоятельственное придаточное цели после союзов:
so that		чтобы
in order that
lest		чтобы не
	Пример				Перевод	Форма
I got up early so that				Я встал рано, чтобы		II или соче
I should catch the six				успеть на шестичасо		тание may,
o’clock train.				вой поезд.		might, can,
He	wrote down my			Он записал мой адрес,		could + ин
address lest he should				чтобы не забыть его.		финитив
forget it.

4. Обстоятельственное придаточное образа действия после со юзов:

as if

as though как будто бы, если бы

Пример		Перевод	Форма
He speaks English as if he	Он говорит по англий		V
were an Englishman.	ски, как если бы он
	был	англичанином
	(как англичанин).
She looked as if she had	Она	выглядела так,
been ill for a long time.	как будто бы она долго
	болела.

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5. Дополнительное придаточное после глагола wish
Пример	Перевод	Форма
I wish he could finish	Как бы мне хотелось,	III, V
design.	чтобы он закончил
	свой проект.
I wish he had telephoned	Как жаль, что он не по
me yesterday.	звонил вчера.
I wish you would go to the	Мне хотелось бы, что
cinema with me.	бы вы пошли со мной в
	кино.
6. Условное придаточное предложение (II и III типы)
Пример	Перевод	Форма
см. Step 98, c. 441		I, V

8. Переведите на русский язык:

A

1. It is necessary that he be here. 2. It was proposed that the conference open at 10 o’clock. 3. It is important that you should answer his letter not later than tomorrow. 4. It is necessary that the building of a new hospital should be completed as soon as possible. 5. It is desirable that the students should speak English to each other. 6. It is necessary that he should not forget to invite them. 7. It was demanded that we should meet at 4 o’clock. 8. It was recommended that the children should sleep out of doors. 9. It is unbelievable that they should have crossed the lake in such weather. 10. It is improbable that she should have said a thing like that. 11. It is possible that a mistake might have been made as he is not an experienced man. 12. It is doubtful that anything might change before you come back.

B

1. They suggested that the museum should be reconstructed this summer. 2. We proposed that the dean should give him a chance to take the exam once more. 3. The doctor insisted that I should stay in bed for a week more. 4. The chief engineer insisted that

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the work should be completed as soon as possible. 5. He ordered that we should bring the devices to the laboratory.

C

1.Leave her a note so that she should know where to find us.

2.We hurried up so that we could catch the train. 3. They started earlier so that they might get to the place before darkness fell.

4.Write down my telephone number lest you should forget it.

5.Close the window lest we should catch cold. 6. She spoke in a low voice lest the other people in the room could hear her.

D

1. She looked at me as if she had never seen me before. 2. She looked as if she were angry with me. 3. He writes as if he had seen everything with his own eyes. 4. They were speaking about her as if she were not present. 5. She spoke of the man as if she knew him very well.

E

1. I wished she stayed with us. 2. I wish he had met them at the station. 3. I wish you could have bought the tickets beforehand. 4. I wish you would wait for me. 5. I wish he would tell me the truth. 6. I wish he revealed thirst for knowledge.

F

1. Be it so! 2. Come what will! 3. Long live our Motherland! 4. May all our labour be devoted to man’s happiness! 5. May success attend you! 6. Let peace and friendship between nations flourish on earth!

Step 101

Употребление модальных глаголов can, could, may, might, must, ought в сослагательном наклонении (§ 101)

1. He might ring us up now.	Он мог бы позвонить нам
	сейчас.
2. Whatever you might say	Что бы вы ни говорили о
about him, they will not be	нем, они вам не поверят.
lieve you.