uchebnik-po-angliyskomu-yaziku-dlya-gumanitariev
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Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two |
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read these English texts long ago. 16. He should have told you the news.
10. Закончите перевод следующих предложений, используя в зависимости от смысла Indefinite или Perfect Infinitive:
1. Он должен быть на уроке. Не must ... 2. Вы должны были с ним встретиться. You must ... 3. Вам следовало бы ответить на их письмо. You ought to ... 4. Ему давно следовало бы по смотреть эту выставку. Не ought to ... 5. Этот плакат должен быть выполнен сегодня. Thisposter should ... 6. Вамследовало бы закончить свой проект вчера. You should ... 7. Вы, должно быть, видели эту пьесу по телевизору или слушали по радио. You must ... 8. Вам надо исправить эти ошибки. You should
... 9. Ей не следовало бы это делать. She shouldn’t ... 10. Тебе следовало бы навестить своего больного приятеля. You ought
... (sick friend).
11. Переведите на английский язык:
1. Я хотел бы, чтобы меня пригласили на вечер. 2. Мне хо телось бы пойти сегодня в кино. 3. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы от казались от этого приглашения. 4. Он был бы рад узнать эту новость. 5. Она могла бы помочь в этом деле. 6. Вам следовало бы извиниться. 7. Я предлагаю, чтобы мы отпраздновали эту годовщину на этой неделе.
Step 102
Выражение долженствования (§ 101)
1. must |
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You must do as you are told. |
Надо делать то, что вам ве |
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лят. |
You mustn’t say such things. |
Таких вещей нельзя гово |
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рить. |
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the mistakes in your test. 6. When are the students to submit their term papers? 7. You have to rewrite your composition. It’s too untidy. 8. You mustn’t go out when the experiment is going on. 9. She doesn’t have to go to the library. I’ll give her the book she needs. 10. The lecture is to take place on Monday at midday. 11. We are to have a short break at about 2 o’clock. 12. Ev erybody should take a short walk in the evening before sleep. 13. Children need plenty of sleep. 14. You should have rung him up last night. He was waiting for your call. 15. I suppose you ought to have told him the truth. 16. You needn’t write down the words. I’m going to give you a typed list of words. 17. Need I tell you all the details of the story? 18. They shall have five min utes’ break (or a five minute break) now. 19. Shall I repeat my question? 20. Shall we bring our textbooks next time? 21. The reports which are to be made by this scientist are of great im portance for our future work. 22. You have to put on a warmer coat, it’s cold today. 23. To attract their attention you have to stress this fact in your report. 24. He should give up smoking. His health is rather poor. 25. You ought to be thankful for his help. 26. You ought to be more careful next time. 27. You ought to have attached more importance to the facts.
13. Переведите на английский язык:
1. Студенты не должны опаздывать на занятия. 2. Вам при дётся прийти еще раз. 3. Вам не нужно переводить эту ста тью. 4. Мы должны были спешить, так как опаздывали в кино. 5. Я должен был встретить её, но не смог. 6. Вам сле довало бы прийти вовремя. 7. Какая группа пишет (должна писать) сегодня тест? 8. Где Петров? — Он должен прийти через час. 9. Тебе следовало бы позвонить домой и сказать, что ты придёшь поздно. 10. Нам придётся добираться автобу сом. Здесь нет метро. 11. Когда должен кончиться этот урок? 12. Кто должен писать объявление? — Вам не нужно писать его, так как собранияне будет. 13. Выдолжныпосещать семи нары и лекции, тогда вам не придётся так много готовиться перед сессией. 14. Им не пришлось долго ждать.
Lesson Twenty one |
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Vocabulary
14. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова без словаря (выделенные слова вам известны):
to enjoy — enjoyable; pleasant — pleasure; to destroy — de struction; ill — illness; to speak — speaker; question — to ques tion — questioner; to pay — pay (n); to occupy — occupation; to head — head; possible — possibility; recently — recent
15. Переведите па русский язык следующие интернациональные слова:
film, lady, gentleman, result, coffee, airliner, nation, pension, period, medical, actress, public, novelist, class, music, hospital, fashion, civilization, profession, electric, machine, refrigera tor, reason
16. Прочтите новые слова урока:
across через • Не lives just across the street.
to act действовать, поступать, играть (на сцене) • Не acted like a child. She acts in a theatre. Who acts Hamlet?
actress актриса • She is a talented film actress. against против • I have nothing against it. airliner воздушный лайнер (самолет)
alive = living живой • to be alive
to believe верить, полагать, думать • I believe you are right.
clever |
умный • a clever boy |
clothes |
одежда, белье • These clothes are not suitable for rainy weather; to |
wash clothes
common обычный, распространенный, общий • It was common for a wo man to have many children; common interests
gas (electric) cooker газовая (электрическая) плита
to cross пересекать, переходить • to cross a street (ocean)
destruction разрушение • The last war caused great destruction in our country.
dozen [ d´ zn] дюжина
to drink (drank, drunk) пить; drink напиток, питье • Let’s have a drink.
either |
и тот и другой, каждый, любой • on either side of the street; either |
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... or |
или ... или, либо ... либо • Either my sister or I will call on you. |
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enjoyable = pleasant |
приятный, доставляющий удовольствие |
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employment = work |
служба, работа |
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equal |
равный, одинаковый • equal rights (pay) |
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to expect ожидать • They are expected to arrive tomorrow. fear страх, боязнь • to live with fear of smth
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to fly (flew, flown) летать • Time flies, doesn’t it? free education = education free of charge
freedom свобода • to fight for freedom
food пища, питание, еда • People cannot live without food. happy счастливый • I am happy to have learnt such news. illness болезнь • a serious illness
instead of вместо, взамен • We decided to stay at home instead of going for a walk.
jewel [ ´ υəl] драгоценность, драгоценный камень
to look round (around) оглядывать(ся) • as I look round the hall оглядывая зал
meat мясо • I prefer fish to meat. Mr. = mister мистер
neither ни тот, ни другой, ни один из двух • Neither of the two answers was correct; neither ... nor ни ... ни • The book is neither here nor there.
noise шум • I couldn’t sleep because of the noise of the traffic. novelist писатель романист
occupation = profession = employment занятие, профессия • What is your occupation?
part |
роль • Who plays the part of Hamlet? = Who acts the part of Hamlet? |
past |
прошлый, прошедший • in the past; The Past Tense of the verb “to |
go” is “went”.
peaceful мирный • peaceful time (labour)
possibility [ pɒsə biliti]´ = opportunity возможность • There is a possibility that he will´ achieve better results than we did.
public общественный • a public building (telephone)
purpose [ p´ :pəs] цель, намерение • We use atomic energy for peaceful pur poses.
quiet |
[ kwaiət]´ = calm спокойный, тихий, бесшумный • quiet life (child, |
street, evening) |
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reach |
достигать • to reach the age of sixty |
reason причина, повод, основание • The reason why he acted in such a way is not clear to me.
refrigerator холодильник sailor моряк
sensible разумный • sensible use of atomic energy sewing machine [ səυiŋ´ mə ʃ´ n] швейная машина
simple простой • The book is written in simple English.
single = unmarried незамужняя; холостяк; единственный • to remain single; a single man (woman); He could not find a single example to illustrate the theory.
speed быстрота, скорость • at a great speed tailor портной
taste вкус • She is a woman of taste. tax налог • to pay taxes
Lesson Twenty one |
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thanks to = owing to = due to |
благодаря • Thanks to our medical science |
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people can live much longer now. |
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therefore |
поэтому • Не is ill, therefore he must stay in bed. |
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tin жестяная консервная банка; олово |
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to travel |
путешествовать • We can travel by car, train or plane. |
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to trouble |
[ tr´ bl] беспокоить(ся) • My leg troubles me again. Don’t trouble |
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her, she is busy. |
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true |
правдивый; истинный, настоящий • a true friend (story) |
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use |
[j s] применение, употребление, польза • What’s the use of talking |
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about it?
used [j st] to do smth раньше имел обыкновение делать что л.; бывало делал что л. • I used to go swimming every day when I was young.
useful |
полезный • useless бесполезный • useful (useless) things |
upper |
верхний • upper classes of the society; Write your name in the upper |
left corner of the paper.
weapon [ wepən]´ орудие; оружие • а weapon of struggle; a weapon of de struction
to wear (wore, worn) носить, быть одетым • She usually wears green. wish желать • I wish I had a perfect command of the English language.
Queen Elizabeth the First королева Англии (1533–1603) Shakespeare [ ʃeikspiə]´ Шекспир (1564–1616)
17. Прочтите текст
ADiscussion
§1. ‘Are you glad that you are living in the second half of the twentieth century? Or do you wish that you had lived during some time in the past? If you had lived during the second half of the sixteenth century, for example, do you think life would have been more enjoyable or less enjoyable?’ These questions were put to six men and women at a public discussion.
§2. Miss Brown, a teacher at a girls’ school, was the first to speak.
‘We’ve been asked whether we’re happy to be living now, or whether we wish we had lived in the second half of the sixteenth century.
‘What the questioner wants to know is this: “Was life easier then or more difficult? Was life four hundred years ago more pleasant or less pleasant than it is today?” Those are questions that cannot be answered with a simple “Yes” or “No”.
‘I’m a teacher, so I’m interested in education. Today all chil dren receive free education from the age of five or six until they
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are fifteen or sixteen. If they are clever, they continue to re ceive free education until they are eighteen, and while they are at the university. How many children in the sixteenth century learnt even to read and write? Very few. Only the children of the upper classes. You all agree, I’m sure, that education is a good thing.
‘I believe that education helps us (to) enjoy life. Think of the pleasures of reading! Every town and village in England today has its own library. Think of the pleasures of music! Today, thanks to the radio we can all enjoy the world’s greatest music in our own homes. Four hundred years ago very few people had books. Great composers were not yet born. I’m glad to be living now, and I’m quite sure that life is much more enjoyable now than it was then.’
§ 3. Doctor White was the next speaker.
‘I agree with what Miss Brown has said. I, too, am glad to be alive now. I’m a doctor. As I look round this hall, I see dozens of men and women who are over sixty years of age. If you had been born in the sixteenth century, very few of you would have reached the age of sixty. Today, thanks to medical science, we can expect to live to a good old age. This was not true four hundred years ago. Few men and women lived to be sixty. It was common for a woman to have ten, twelve or fifteen children. Of these, perhaps five or six died very young.’
§ 4. Miss Dike, a well known film actress, spoke next. ‘Well, ladies and gentlemen, of course I’m glad to be living
now. If I’d been born in the sixteenth century, I’d have had no employment. There were no films in those days. I couldn’t even have acted in the theatre! Women’s parts were all played by boys in Shakespeare’s time. And I like fast cars. I spend half of each year in Hollywood. And if I’d wanted to go to America, instead of flying there in a few hours, it would have taken me months and months to cross the ocean. No, I don’t think life was more enjoyable in the sixteenth century!’
§ 5. Sir Timothy Jones, a member of Parliament, stood up to speak.
‘Ladies and gentlemen, you’ve heard some interesting opin ions on this question. Is there nothing to be said for the years of
Lesson Twenty one |
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Queen Elizabeth the First? It was, you’ll agree, one of the great est periods in the history of these islands. It was the time when English sailors crossed the oceans looking for new lands. I wish I’d been alive then. I wish I’d seen Shakespeare’s plays in the London theatres of those days. I might have seen Shakespeare himself!
‘Dr White told you that people did not, in the sixteenth cen tury, live to a very great age. Today they do. People today are living much longer than they used to. But what’s the result? The working population of these islands has to keep all these old people. We pay taxes, very heavy taxes. The taxes are spent on education, the education that Miss Brown has spoken of. The taxes are spent, too, on pension. Pensions for several million old people — people who are too old to work, and are therefore useless to the nation. Medical science keeps us alive too long!
‘You have been told that radios, motor cars and airliners are all good things that we enjoy today. Are they good things? Have you ever sat in your garden on a hot summer day with the noise of radios coming from houses around you? Do you live near an airport? If so, do you enjoy the noise of the airplanes that fly over your head night and day? I’m sure that life in the sixteenth century was more enjoyable than life today. It was quiet and peaceful. Life was slower then. Are hurry and speed good things? Many people think they are. My answer is “No!” ’
§ 6. The next speaker was Mr Samson, the novelist.
‘I find it difficult, ladies and gentlemen, to give an answer to this question. Three of the speakers you have heard this evening have been strongly for; one has been strongly against. I cannot give either “Yes” or “No” as an answer.
‘Men’s clothes today are dull. How much more beautiful were the clothes that men wore four hundred years ago! Tailors had imagination then. Today only the women wear bright colours and jewels. I’d like to wear jewels as men did in those days.
‘I’m fond of food and drink. Is our food today better than the food of four hundred years ago? We have tea and coffee today; The Elizabethans had neither. Food was probably fresher four hundred years ago than it is today. How often, today, our food comes out of tins. How much better fresh food tastes than food
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that has come from a tin, or fresh meat than frozen meat, meat that has come half way across the world.
‘I am fond of going abroad. I like to travel. Today travel is easy. Four hundred years ago travel was slow, difficult, uncom fortable and dangerous. But travel as we know it today, travel for education and pleasure, was not at all common. For this rea son I’m glad to be living today. For other reasons I wish I had lived in the past.’
§ 7. The last speaker was Miss Fowler, a newspaper writer. ‘I work in a newspaper office. If I’d lived in the sixteenth
century, I could not have earned my own living, as I do today. Women, in those days, had nothing of the freedom they have now. None of the professions were open to them.
‘Women have not yet won everything they have a right to have. We’re still fighting, in some professions and occupations, for equal pay. That will come! A woman who does the same work as a man should get the same pay as a man. Four hundred years ago women were not even free to marry the men they wished to marry! The family chose the husband for a woman in those unhappy times!
‘I ask the woman in this hall whether they would like to be without electric light, without their gas or electric cookers, their refrigerators, their washing and sewing machines, without all these things that make housework easier?
‘Mr Samson told you about the beautiful clothes the men used to wear in the Elizabethan age. He would not find those clothes suitable today. Imagine him in a London bus or tube train dressed in the fashions of those days! Men may be sorry when they look back to the days they were our lords and masters, but women must be glad that they live today, when they’re free. Today, if a woman prefers to remain single, she’s free to do so. There are dozens of occupations that she can choose.
‘It’s true that the present century has seen two world wars, and that many of us are troubled by the possibility of a third world war. There is the fear that our civilization may be com pletely destroyed by the new weapons of destruction that sci entists have placed in our hands. But I believe that these new discoveries will be used for peaceful purposes and that life will