uchebnik-po-angliyskomu-yaziku-dlya-gumanitariev

Lesson 21a (additional)	471
lead [led] свинец

to manufacture = to produce производить, перерабатывать • to manufac ture consumer goods

marble мрамор

meadow [ medəυ]´ луг • Many different flowers grow in the meadows. mill = factory = plant завод, фабрика • a cotton mill

mine шахта, рудник

mineral resources [ri s´ siz] полезные ископаемые • Our country is rich in mineral resources.

naval военно морской • Russia is a great naval country. next to рядом • I was sitting next to your brother.

ore руда • deposits of iron ore

potato картофель • We had meat and potato for dinner. pottery керамика, фаянс; гончарное дело

power сила, мощность; энергия; держава • It is not in my power to help you; power basis энергетическая основа • Great Britain is a great naval power.

powerful мощный, сильный, могущественный • a powerful country presence присутствие, наличие

quantity количество • a large quantity of dairy products rainfall количество осадков

region = district район

to give rise to вызвать, дать толчок salt [s lt] соль

sheep (pl sheep) овца; cattle and sheep raising разведение крупного рога того скота и овец

shipbuilding судостроение • Shipbuilding is an important branch of British industry.

silk шелк • artificial silk

steel сталь • steel goods (industry)

stone камень • a building stone; a stone house

to supply доставлять, снабжать • to supply industry with necessary mate rials

supply снабжение, поставка, запас • to depend on food supplies tool (ручной) инструмент

trade ремесло, профессия, торговля • a trading centre; a tailor by trade vegetable [ ve´ itəbl] овощ • Fresh vegetables are rich in vitamins.

to weave (wove, woven) ткать

wool шерсть • spinning and weaving of wool прядильно ткацкое произ водство шерстяных тканей

woollen шерстяной • This factory produces woollen goods. works = plant = factory завод • engineering (steel) works

Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two

472

6. Прочтите текст

Great Britain

Economic Outline

I

The climate of the British Isles being mild and rainy, the fields and meadows there are always kept green and fresh. But it appears to be more favourable to cattle and sheep raising than to agriculture, because the temperature and rainfall favour the growing of grass rather than that of grain. Therefore for cen turies Great Britain has been famous for its cattle and sheep and still remains a leading country in wool production.

A small per cent of the population is engaged in farming nowadays. Farms are rather small in size and the island depends mainly on other countries for its food supplies. The chief crops are wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn, hay, flax,1 potatoes, vegeta bles, and fruits. Among other important farming products are cattle, meat and dairy products.

The shallow waters surrounding the island are also impor tant for the country’s economy — they provide excellent fishing grounds and large quantities of fish are caught every year.

II

Great Britain is an old naval and highly developed indus trial power. It is rich in mineral resources, the most important of them being coal and iron. The British coal fields are much greater in area than those of the rest of western Europe.

Next to coal and iron the chief minerals found on the British Isles are the building stone, marble, granite, slate,2 lead, tin, copper, zinc, salt and china clay (i. e. clay suitable for manufac turing china).

Coal was necessary to the life and development of the British industry and it is practically the main and the only power basis of it. Of course it was a matter of great advantage for the British industry at the beginning of its development that rich deposits of coal lay near those of iron ore. The nearness of the mines to the sea coast was also an advantage that caused the development

1пшеница, ячмень, рожь, овес, кукуруза, сено, лен

2слюда

Lesson 21a (additional)

473

of coal mining because coal could be easily carried to every part of the world.

Having found rich deposits of iron and ore in the same re gions, Britain was able to create a powerful heavy industry ear lier than any other country in the world. Therefore it may be called the birthplace of capitalism.

III

The presence of large quantities of coal in some regions caused the growth of different branches of industry in these regions.

In the Midland (to the north west of London) we find the largest coal and iron fields in Britain. The centre of this district is Birmingham called the “Black Country”.

The presence of large quantities of coal in the Midland was also one of the reasons for the growth of the cotton and woollen industries here and the iron and steel works in Sheffield. In the same way the coal fields in Wales caused the manufacture of pot tery, and the coal fields of Scotland gave rise to the shipbuilding which is largely concentrated in Newcastle and Glasgow, the lat ter being the largest city in Scotland, a great port with numerous docks and a trading centre.

Britain is famous for its steel manufacture, tool industry, heavy and light engineering. It supplies many countries with certain classes of machinery, iron and steel goods. But the tex tile industry proved to be one of the most extensive industries in England; large quantities of cotton and woollen goods and artificial silk are produced and exported.

IV

The spinning and weaving of wool is known to be one of the oldest industries in Great Britain. Leeds is the centre of the chief woollen manufacturing district situated on the eastern side of the Pennines and it is also the first in manufacture of clothing.

Manchester is the centre of cotton industry situated on the western side of the Pennines. It is connected with Liverpool, the second largest port in Britain, by means of a canal through which ocean going ships carry raw cotton to the cotton mills of Manchester and finished products to every part of the world.

Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two

474

Exercises To Be Done at Home

1. Назовите прилагательные от следующих существительных:

agriculture, ocean, favour, wool, power, presence, nature, im portance

2. Какие из следующих глаголов образуют существительные при помощи суф фиксов:

a) -ment; b) -(a)tion; с) -ence

to assess, to develop, to move, to produce, to depend, to found, to connect, to create

3. Назовите существительные от следующих слов:

to grow, strong, broad, wide, long

4. Подберите пары антонимов:

artificial, shallow, to export, natural, to import, to agree, rich, deep, to disagree, poor, the latter, heavy, the first, light

5. Закройте листом бумаги приводимый ниже ключ. Назовите слова, сходные по значению. Проверьте свои ответы по ключу:

chiefly, therefore, for, to provide, to cause, damp, to produce, to be busy, powerful, apparently, region, certainly, works, vessel, a large quantity (of)

Key: mainly, that’s why, because, to supply, to give rise, wet, to manufacture, to be engaged, strong, probably, district, of course, mill, ship, a great number of

6. Переведите на русский язык:

a) to favour the development of smth; the power of wind; a fruit tree; to produce steel; to produce consumer goods; to supply the factory with coal; an excellent doctor; water power of nature; power of heat; the physical basis of life; achievements in science and engineering; to have an advantage over smb.; light (heavy) engineering; artificial silk; spinning and weaving of wool; raw cotton; woollen goods; heavy industry; heavy fog; large quan tities of cotton; hand tools; certain classes of machinery; steel goods; consumer goods

Lesson 21a (additional)

475

б) 1. Wheat is a grain; rye is a grain too. 2. Our collective farm grows various grains, such as wheat, oats and rye. 3. Many different fruit trees grow in our park. 4. It is growing dark. 5. In October it begins to grow cold in Moscow. 6. England is known to export wool. 7. I need some coloured wool. 8. We saw many sheep in the meadow. 9. The production of steel has greatly increased in our country. 10. Our coal mining industry supplies our plants with coal. 11. We had a good crop of vegetables last year. 12. The land was so dry that the farmers were afraid that their crops would fail. 13. The wheat crop is very good this summer. 14. Barley is used as food. 15. Oats are a grain growing in cool climate. 16. Make hay while the sun shines. (proverb) 17. To keep well we must eat vegetables. 18. I prefer vegetables and fruit to meat. 19. We had meat and potato for dinner. 20. We cut grass to make hay. 21. Your friend is an excellent artist. 22. It is not in my power to change the situation.

23.Electric power is now used in most plants and factories.

24.A power station is a building in which mechanical power, especially electric power, is produced. 25. Knowledge is power.

26.The park was surrounded by a stone wall. 27. Who was sitting next to you in the theatre? 28. Ancient Greeks created beautiful art works that we still admire.

7. Прочтите текст еще раз, найдите и выпишите случаи употребления

а) независимого причастного оборота;

б) субъектного инфинитивного оборота (сложное подлежащее);

в) перфектного причастия.

Exercises To Be Done in Class

8. Поставьте такие вопросы, чтобы нижеприводимые предложения являлись ответами на поставленные вами вопросы:

1.Yes, the climate of Great Britain appears to be more favourable to cattle and sheep raising than to agriculture.

2.Yes, Great Britain still remains a leading country in wool production. 3. Yes, a small per cent of the population is engaged in farming nowadays. 4. It (the island) depends mainly on other

Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two

476

countries for its food supplies. 5. The chief crops are wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn, hay, flax, potatoes, vegetables and fruit. 6. The shallow waters surrounding the island provide excellent fishing grounds. 7. The nearness of the mines to the seacoast was an advantage because coal could be easily carried to every part of the world. 8. Great Britain can be called the birthplace of capitalism because it was able to create a powerful heavy indus try earlier than any other country in the world. 9. Yes, it did. The presence of large quantities of coal in some regions caused the growth of different branches of industry in these regions. 10. Birmingham is the centre of the “Black Country”. 11. Britain is famous for its steel manufacture, tool industry, heavy and light engineering. 12. Yes, it does. It supplies many countries with certain classes of machinery, iron and steel goods. 13. The spinning and weaving of wool is. It is known to be one of the oldest industries in Great Britain. 14. Manchester is. It is the centre of cotton industry situated on the western side of the Pennines. 15. Manchester is connected with Liverpool by means of a canal.

9. Прочтите текст и попытайтесь понять его содержание:

The raw cotton comes from across the seas, most of it being imported from the United States. It has become difficult for Great Britain to export cotton goods due to the growing com petition of other countries. It is a serious problem for Great Britain since only about one fifth of her output of cotton goods is consumed in the home market (рынок).

No other country in the world is more dependent on foreign commerce than Great Britain. Nearly all the raw materials used in her factories must be imported from abroad. The home market cannot consume more than half of the goods produced. New markets abroad must be found and maintained. Competition with the other world powers for these markets is much greater now than it was during the nineteenth century.

10. Ответьте па вопросы по содержанию прочитанного текста:

1. Where does most of the raw cotton come from? 2. Why has it become difficult for Great Britain to export cotton? 3. How

Lesson 21a (additional)

477

much of her output of cotton goods is consumed in the home market? 4. How much can the home market consume of the goods produced? 5. Why is Great Britain more dependent on commerce than any country in the world? 6. Does Britain depend on the home market? 7. Why is competition with the other world powers now much greater than it was during the nineteenth century?

11. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление суще ствительных fish1 и fruit1 в единственном или во множественном числе. Объ ясните все случаи употребления.

1. My favourite fruit is a pear (груша). 2. Do you eat much fruit? 3. The boy caught two fish. 4. My friend said there were different fishes in that lake. 5. They eat a lot of fish. 6. My grandfather grows many fruits in his garden. 7. — Will you have meat? — No, thank you. I prefer fish and chips. 8. Your salad is very tasty. Have you put different fruits in it?

Additional Material for Oral Speech Practice. Speech Patterns and Flashes

of Conversation

1. Прочтите текст:

Food and Meals

As a rule we take three or four meals a day. The first meal is called breakfast, as a matter of fact we begin our working day with it. The second meal which we call lunch is in the middle of the day. People at work usually have their lunch break, (or coffee break as they sometimes call it). They go to dinning halls, cafes [ k´ feiz], tea rooms, refreshment rooms, bars etc. About 4 or 5 in the afternoon people have their dinner.

Bread and butter are never missing at breakfast. Besides this many families like cereal (porridge) for their breakfast, cereals

1Для выполнения этого задания, повторите грамматические правила в разделе “Краткие грамматические пояснения” § 84.

Основной курс. Часть вторая. Part Two

478

being a wholesome dish. Boiled and fried eggs are also common on the breakfast table. It is usually tea, coffee or milk that one usually has in the morning.

Lunch is usually a cold meal with cold meat or fish served with hot potatoes and other vegetables. Cheese with bread and butter come with coffee or tea at lunch.

The principal meal is dinner. To lay the table for dinner it is necessary to put three plates for each person; a dinner plate, a deep (soup) plate and a small one for the cold dish. The spoons and the knife are placed to the right of the plates and the fork is placed to the left. The salt cellar and pepper pot are placed in the middle. Bread is cut into slices.

As a rule a cold dish opens the dinner. Herring with vegetable dressing or a vegetable salad are usually served.

The cold dish is followed by a soup: clear soup, cabbage soup, pea soup, mushroom soup, noodle soup or chicken soup etc. Clear soup is often served with patties.

Then comes the second course which is usually meat or fish. It is cutlets, chops, beefsteak, boiled or fried chicken, fried or stewed meat, boiled or fried fish that you generally have for your second course. Potatoes and different vegetables very well go with meat course.

The dessert [di z´ :t] concludes the meal. In summer one will prefer fresh berries, ice cream or cold stewed fruit for dessert. In autumn and winter all kinds of fruit make a very good dessert and go to end up the meal.

2. Прочтите и постарайтесь запомнить слова:

as a matter of fact фактически cereal [ siəriəl]´ 1) крупа, 2) каша,

3) (pl) хлопья (к завтраку) porridge [ pɒri´ ] каша wholesome [ həυlsəm]´ полезный,

здоровый

to boil варить, кипятить

to fry жарить • fried fish (meat) cheese сыр • a slice of cheese

to lay the table накрыть на стол spoon ложка

knife (pl knives) нож

fork вилка salt cellar солонка pepper pot перечница herring сельдь

dressing приправа, соус clear soup бульон cabbage soup щи

pea soup гороховый суп mushroom soup грибной суп noodle soup вермишелевый суп chicken soup куриный бульон

3. Прочтите диалоги:

Lesson 21a (additional)				479
patty пирожок (с мясом к буль		a three course dinner		обед из трех
ону)		блюд
chop отбивная		ham	ветчина
beefsteak [ b f steik]´ бифштекс		help yourself to угощайся...
´	тушеное мясо	tasty	вкусный
stewed meat
stewed fruit	компот	roll	[rəυl] булочка
berry ягода		delicious [di liʃəs]´		восхититель
ice cream мороженое		ный, очень вкусный
course [k s]	блюдо	to treat угощать

1. In a Dinning hall

A.: Is this table engaged, waiter? W.: No, it isn’t.

A.: Sit down at this table, gentlemen. Let’s have some salad and coffee with cheese, ham and sandwiches.

(Some minutes later the waiter is back with a tray. On it there are cups, plates, spoons, a pot of coffee, a milk jar, a sugar bowl and sandwiches)

B.: Peter, help yourself to some more sugar, because coffee isn’t tasty without it.

P.: I’ve had two lumps of sugar, thank you. It’s quite enough. A.: Pass me the milk, please.

P.: Here you are.

B.: That’s a very nice lunch, isn’t it?

A.: Yes, and I think it’s time to be going.

2. Tea at Home

A.: Would you like a cup of tea, Peter? Strong or weak for you? P.: Not very strong, thank you.

A.: How much sugar? P.: Two lumps, please.

A.: Would you like some milk to go with it?

P.: No, thank you. I never take milk with my tea.

A.: Help yourself to the sandwiches and sweets, please.

P.: These sweets are delicious [di liʃəs]´. I’ll take another one.

A.: Do, please. So glad you like them. I want to treat you to some rolls.

P.: Yes, please. They look so tasty and delicious. A.: Would you like another cup of tea, Peter? P.: No more, thank you. I’ve had enough.

Review (Lessons 17–21a)

1. Переведите на русский язык:

1.All the actors singing that night were at their best. 2. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 3. People watching a performance are called an audience. 4. Being very ill the boy had to stay away from classes. 5. We listened to the orchestra playing in the park. 6. They watched the dancers performing a folk dance. 7. If you want a thing well done, do it yourself.

8.Speaking to him the other day you might have mentioned that we intended going on a trip. 9. The father tried to send his son away, but the boy would bother him with his questions. 10. He wished he could have foreseen the results of the work. 11. We have to paper the room. 12. Students are to learn this poem by heart. 13. New machines must be introduced in our agriculture.

14.The doctor was to arrive in some minutes. 15. Collective farmers must do their best to gather rich crops. 16. Our Govern ment pays great attention to the housing construction, builders doing their best to speed it up.

2.Откройте скобки и поставьте глагол в соответствующей смыслу форме (вре

мени, залога и числа):

1. She is really fond of children, otherwise she (not to be) pop ular with them. 2. When I met him the other day he looked as if he (to be ill) for a long time. 3. What (to be like) the weather in our country. Our country (to be) so large that when it (to be) winter in one part of the country, it (to be) summer in another. 4. Please wait a few minutes, the letters (to type). 5. His name (to mention) in the article many times. 6. The palace (to build) in the 17th century. 7. When I came for the article, it (not to type) yet. 8. Speak louder, your voice (to record). 9. Last time he (to fail) three entrance exams. 10. This week we (to be) to the theatre twice. 11. This term we never (to miss) classes and (to be) always ready to answer. 12. When he came to his office today, the report already (to be) ready. 13. Last summer they (not to go) to the South. 14. After textile machinery (to be introduced) in many areas in England in the 18th century (the dismissal (увольнение) of workers (to begin). Lord Byron’s first speech in