uchebnik-po-angliyskomu-yaziku-dlya-gumanitariev

Если бы у них было боль ше времени, чтобы улуч шить конструкцию, они бы успешно справились с этой задачей.

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Сравните эти два типа условных предложений (II и III типы) в сослагательном наклонении с условным предложе нием — реального условия — в изъявительном наклонении

(I тип).
You will write the test well	Вы хорошо напишите кон
if you learn these grammar	трольную работу, если вы
rules.	учите эти грамматические
	правила.

(См. таблицу условных предложений в Уроке 21, Step 98.)

Союзы условных предложений:

if
provided	если, при условии
providing (that)

even though — даже, если

on condition (that) — при условии, что in case — в случае, если

unless — если не

suppose (supposing) — предположим (предполагая), что; если

§ 99. Во всех типах условных предложений возможна бес союзная связь главного предложения с придаточным, т. е. со юзы if, provided могут быть опущены. В этом случае вспомо гательный или модальный глагол выносится на место перед подлежащим, такой порядок слов называется инверсией.

If I were in your place, I	Будь я на вашем месте (если
should accept this invitation.	бы я был на вашем месте),
Were I in your place, I should	я бы принял это приглаше
accept this invitation.	ние.

Инверсия возможна в условных предложениях:

а) II типа, если в состав сказуемого входят глаголы had, were, should, could:

Had they more time to im prove the design, they would fulfil the task successfully.

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б) III типа, если в состав сказуемого входят глаголы had,

could, might:
Had he come earlier, he would	Если бы он пришел раньше
have found the dean here.	(прийди он раньше), он бы
	застал здесь декана.

§ 100. При сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом:

1) глагол must выражает действие, которое относится к прошлому времени и которое, вероятно, произошло. В этом случае must переводится должно быть:

Не must have passed all his	Он, должно быть, сдал все
exams.	экзамены.

2) глагол may выражает предположение и переводитсясло

вом возможно:
Не doesn’t ring me up; he	Он не звонит мне; он, воз
may have lost my telephone	можно, потерял номер мое
number.	го телефона.

3)глаголы could, might, should, ought выражаютдействие, которое могло бы произойти, но не произошло:

You should have helped
them.	Вам следовало бы помочь
You ought to have helped	им.
them.
He could have done it.	Он мог бы это сделать.
Не might have taken part in	Возможно, он принял бы
this competition.	участие в этом соревнова
	нии.

§ 101. Для выражения долженствования в английском языке используются следующие глаголы:

1) must обозначает долженствование в самом широком

смысле:
I must do it now.	Я должен (обязан)	сделать это.
	Мне нужно

2) should, ought to употребляются для выражения мораль ного долга или совета, относящегося к настоящему или буду щему времени:

Мы должны закончить опы ты через два месяца.

Они должны были пробыть только одну неделю в С. Пе тербурге.

Мне следовало бы поговорить с ним.

Вам следовало бы сделать это сра зу же.

Краткие грамматические пояснения к урокам		543
You should help them.		Вы должны (Вам следует)
You ought to help them.		помочь им.

Примечание. Глаголы should и ought с перфектным инфинитивом вы ражают действия, которые должны были произойти в прошлом, но не про изошли:

I should have spoken to him.

You ought to have done it at once.

3) to have to обозначает долженствование как вынужден ную необходимость совершить действие и переводится на рус ский язык — приходится, вынужден:

Не had to get up early yester	Ему пришлось вчера рано
day.	встать.

4) to be to означает долженствование как необходимость, заранее предусмотренную планом, графиком, расписанием, договоренностью и т. д.:

We are to finish the experi ments in two months.

They were to stay only a week in St. Petersburg.

5) need выражает необходимость совершения действия в отношении настоящего и будущего времени; употребляется в основном в отрицательных и вопросительных предложе

ниях:
Need you go so soon?	Нужно ли вам ехать туда
	так скоро?
I needn’t tell you how impor	Мне не нужно говорить вам,
tant that is.	как это важно.

Примечание. Need в качестве самостоятельного глагола имеет значе ние нуждаться, требоваться. В этом случае need имеет обычные формы

спряжения:
Here is the book he needs.	Вот книга, которая ему нужна.

6) shall — а) выражает приказание, долженствование, угрозу или предостережение, относящееся к будущему вре

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мени; употребляется со всеми лицами, кроме 1 го л. ед. числа, в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях:

Everybody shall express his	Все должны выразить свое
opinion now.	мнение сейчас.
Close the window or you shall	Закройте окно, иначе вы
catch cold.	простудитесь.

б) употребляется в вопросах (для всех лиц, кроме 2 го ли ца), если говорящий хочет получить распоряжение или ука зание, что он должен сделать или как поступить:

Shall I read or translate?	Мне (я должен) читать или
	переводить?
Shall we begin the experi	Начинать (нам) опыт?
ment?

7) to be supposed употребляется в субъектном инфинитив

ном обороте:
What kind of work are you	Какую работу вы должны
supposed to do?	выполнять?

Таблица основных форм неправильных глаголов,

встречающихся в учебнике

Инфинитив	Прошедшее время	Причастие II
(Infinitive)	(Past Simple)	(Past Participle)
be [b ] быть	was [wɒz], were [w :]	been [b n]
bear [beə] носить (имя);	bore [b ]	borne [b n]; born
рождать
become [bi k´ m] становиться	became [bi keim]´	become [bi k´ m]
begin [bi gin]´ начинать	began [bi g´ n]	begun [bi g´ n]
blow [bləυ] дуть	blew [bl ]	blown [bləυn]
break [breik] ломать	broke [brəυk]	broken [ brəυkn]´
bring [briŋ] приносить	brought [br t]	brought
build [bild] строить	built [bilt]	built
buy [bai] покупать	bought [b t]	bought
catch [k ] ловить	caught [k t]	caught
choose [ z] выбирать	chose [ əυz]	chosen [ ´ əυzn]
come [k m] приходить	came [keim]	come [k m]
cut [k t] резать	cut	cut
do [d ] делать	did [did]	done [d n]
draw [dr ] рисовать	drew [dr ]	drawn [dr n]
drink [driŋk] пить	drank [dr ŋk]	drunk [dr ŋk]
eat [ t] есть	ate [et]	eaten [ ´ tn]
fall [f l] падать	fell [fel]	fallen [ f´ ln]
feel [f l] чувствовать	felt [felt]	felt
fight [fait] сражаться	fought [f t]	fought
find [faind] находить	found [faυnd]	found
fly [flai] летать	flew [fl ]	flown [fləυn]
forget [fə get]´ забывать	forgot [fə gɒt]´	forgotten [fə gɒtn]´
get [get] получать	got [gɒt]	got
give [giv] давать	gave [geiv]	given [ givn]´
go [gəυ] ходить	went [went]	gone [gɒn]
grow [grəυ] расти	grew [gr ]	grown [grəυn]
have [h v] иметь	had [h d]	had
hear [hiə] слышать	heard [h :d]	heard
hide [haid] прятаться	hid [hid]	hidden [ hidn]´
hold [həυld] держать	held [held]	held
keep [k p] содержать, хра	kept [kept]	kept
нить
know [nəυ] знать	knew [nj ]	known [nəυn]
lead [l d] вести, руководить	led [led]	led
learn [l :n] учиться	learned [l :nd],	learned, learnt
	learnt [l :nt]
leave [l v] оставлять	left [left]	left
lend [lend] давать взаймы	lent [lent]	lent
let [let] позволять	let	let

Таблица основных форм неправильных глаголов, встречающихся в учебнике				546
			Продолжение
Инфинитив		Прошедшее время	Причастие II
(Infinitive)		(Past Simple)	(Past Participle)
lie [lai] лежать		lay [lei]	lain [lein] (lying)
lose [l z] терять; проиграть		lost [lɒst]	lost
make [meik] делать		made [meid]	made
mean [m n] иметь в виду;		meant [ment]	meant
означать
meet [m t] встречать		met [met]	met
pay [pei] платить		paid [peid]	paid
put [put] класть		put	put
read [r d] читать		read [red]	read [red]
ring [riŋ] звонить		rang [r ŋ]	rung [r ŋ]
rise [raiz] вставать, подни		rose [rəυz]	risen [ rizn]´
маться
run [r n] бегать		ran [r n]	run [r n]
say [sei] сказать		said [sed]	said
see [si:] видеть		saw [s ]	seen [s n]
send [send] посылать		sent [sent]	sent
shine [ʃain] светить		shone [ʃɒn]	shone
show [ʃəυ] показывать		showed [ʃəυd]	shown [ʃəυn]
sing [siŋ] петь		sang [s ŋ]	sung [s ŋ]
sit [sit] сидеть		sat [s t]	sat
sleep [sl p] спать		slept [slept]	slept
speak [sp k] говорить		spoke [spəυk]	spoken [ spəυkn]´
spend [spend] тратить		spent [spent]	spent
stand [st nd] стоять		stood [stud]	stood
swim [swim] плавать		swam [sw m]	swum [sw m]
take [teik] брать		took [tuk]	taken [ teikn]´
teach [t ] учить		taught [t t]	taught
tell [tel] рассказывать		told [təυld]	told
think [θink] думать		thought [θ t]	thought
throw [θrəυ] бросать		threw [θr ]	thrown [θrəυn]
understand [ ndə st´ nd]		understood	understood
понимать	´	[ ndə stυd]´
wear [w ə] носить		´	worn [w n]
		wore [w ]
win [win] выигрывать		won [w n]	won
write [rait] писать		wrote [rəυt]	written [ ritn]´

Key to Exercises

Lesson 1, Ex. 3, page 29

a)1. It’s a pencil. 2. It’s not a plan it’s a map. 3. It’s a nice film. 4. Is it a table? — Yes, it’s a little table. 5. It is not a black pencil. 6. It is a bad pen. 7. It is not a nice tie. 8. It is an old big flat. 9. Is it an old bag? — No, it’s not. It is not an old bag. 10. Is it an easy lesson? — Yes, it is. 11. Is it Flat Five? — No, it isn’t.

b)five black pencils, nine desks, five easy lessons, ten steps, ten fine (nice) days, five nice films, five old plates, a big black dog.

Lesson 2, Ex. 2, page 45

1. — 2. — 3. — 4. the 5. — 6. an 7. — 8. —, — 9. a 10. — 11. the, the 12. —,

— 13. —

Ex. 3, page 45

1. This is a blackboard. It is on the wall. 2. This floor is clean. 3. The door is not white, it’s blue. 4. This is not a book. It’s a notebook. 5. Your plan is good. 6. What are these? — These are my notebooks. They are thin. 7. Where is the thick notebook? 8. What colour is this pen? 9. What colour are the new chairs? 10. Take my book. 11. Close the window, please. 12. Is this desk new? 13. Is this a new desk? 14. Is this an easy text? 15. Is this text easy? 16. What kind of film is “Anna Karenina”? 17. Is this Room Two or Nine? 18. What book is this?

Lesson 3, Ex. 2, page 60

1. —, the, the 2. — 3. the 4. the, the 5. —, — 6. —, —, — 7. —, — 8. — 9. a 10. —

Lesson 4, Ex. 6, page 78

1. I have a lot of work to do this year. 2. His father is dead. 3. My son is also fond of sport. 4. My daughter is nine years old. 5. I am busy today and my friend is free. 6. My sister is married. 7. Open the book and read the new words of the lesson. 8. His brothers are workers of this plant. 9. We have few English books but we have many Russian books. 10. Give me your textbook, please. — Here you are. — Thank you. — Not at all. 11. Ann has little free time because she is busy with her graduation project. 12. Peter is absent because his mother is ill. 13. The engineers of this plant are busy with quite a new project now. 14. I am fond of reading English books. 15. My son is fond of playing with his dog. 16. Is your daughter a schoolgirl? 17. It is Managing Director of our firm. 18. His flat is in a new block of flats.

Lesson 5, Ex. 2, page 94

1. There is a nice garden in front of our house. 2. In front of the window there are chairs. 3. There is a big monument to Gorky in the middle of the garden. 4. There is a table in the middle of the room. 5. There are a lot of children in

Key to Exercises

548

our block. 6. There are a lot of nice flowers in their garden. 7. There are a lot of thick notebooks in the bookcase. 8. The room is full of people. 9. The box is full of chalk. 10. The bag is full of books. 11. His flat is in the same block. 12. His is a student of the same institute. 13. The architect is busy with the same project. 14. The office is in the same building.

Ex. 5, page 95

a)1. There are no factories and plants here. 2. There are a lot of various offices in the street. 3. There are no shops in our block. 4. This car of modern design is very nice. 5. How many floors are there in your block? 6. Peter is a friend of mine. 7. There are a lot of nice pictures in this book. 8. This is a picture by a modern artist. 9. There are few monuments in that city. 10. This is my sister’s room. 11. I am fond of this city. 12. I’m fond of the new building of our institute. 13. The bottle is full of milk.

b)1. There is a lift in this block because the building is high. 2. He is ill that’s why he is absent. 3. There are many trees in the park that’s why the air is always clean there. 4. My friend is not here because he is busy. 5. She is fond of reading that’s why she has a lot of books.

Lesson 6, Ex. 5, page 111

1. to 2. at 3. — 4. over 5. in, of 6. with 7. of 8. by

Ex. 8, page 112

1. There is a newspaper on the desk. 2. There are some new houses in our street. 3. My flat is in the old house. 4. The desk is at the window. 5. There is a lot of light and air in the room. 6. There are no flowers on the window sills. 7. There is no (not any) furniture in the room except chairs. 8. There is little furniture in my room. 9. This furniture is of modern design. It is nice and comfortable. 10. There are some pictures by young modern artists on the wall. 11. The chairs are at the table, in the middle of the room. 12. There is an electric light over the table. 13. This sofa is low. 14. The bookshelf is over the sofa. 15. Give me some magazine, please. — Here you are. — Thank you. — Not at all. 16. Don’t ask the same question. 17. Have you hot (running) water at home? Is there hot (running) water in your block? 18. Send her a new letter. 19. Let me close the door. 20. Let him read us his new story. 21. Tell us the end of that story, please. — That story has a happy end. — We are glad to hear it.

Lesson 7, Ex. 8, page 130

1. Who is on duty today? 2. I’m sorry I’m late. 3. Come in, please. 4. Ann is coming into the reading room. 5. Come into the room and close the door. 6. Where is this student going? — He is going to the library. 7. I am taking (take) English magazines from the library. 8. Are you going to the institute or to the plant? 9. The lesson is not over. 10. Who(m) is the girl standing at the window speaking to? 11. I am a first year student. 12. The student speaking

Key to Exercises

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to the librarian is a friend of mine. 13. The girl taking the book out of the bookcase is a fifth year student. 14. Help me (to) do this exercise. 15. How old is your son? 16. What is this girl’s name? 17. What magazines is he choosing for his work? 18. The library is just near the dean’s office. 19. The dining hall is just on the same floor. 20. The shop is in another building.

Review (Lessons 1–7) Ex. 2, page 135

1. to 2. —, about 3. at 4. of 5. of 6. — 7. on, over 8. in, of 9. of, on 10. to 11. in 12. on 13. in 14. of 15. with 16. up 17. down 18. to 19. of, on 20. for 21. out, of 22. from 23. in 24. of 25. through 26. on 27. in, of, in 28. in, of, of 29. out 30. of, around 31. —

Ex. 3, page 136

1. various, such as; 2. please, here you are, not at all; 3. clear; 4. attentively; 5. my question; 6. review; 7. in front of; 8. for the book; 9. near; 10. near; 11. a piece of chalk, the following sentence.

Lesson 8, Ex. 3, page 160

To study regularly, to live in the hostel, to live at home, at the end of the lesson (class), at the end of the week, to learn new words, to describe a picture, to learn a foreign language, to end in the afternoon, a difficult language, to last, about two days, as a rule, a technical institute, an art institute, each other, to master English, to miss classes, before and after classes, never, to take place, a short word, a long story, the first and the last lesson, during the academic year, this time, next time, once a month, to greet.

Ex. 8, page 162

1. to, in 2. at, on 3. in 4. with 5. in, in 6. at, in, at, past, in 7. into, up 8. on 9. — 10. — 11. for, at 12. from, into 13. at 14. about 15. to 16. after 17. —

Ex. 9, page 162

1. My friend lives in the hostel. 2. We want to learn to speak English. 3. We translate sentences from Russian into English in class. 4. It is evening now. 5. We prepare our homework together. 6. Classes at the institute are over at 3 o’clock. 7. This book is not difficult for me. 8. I study English regularly. 9. I go to the Institute every day. 10. I come to the Institute at a quarter to nine. 11. We have two classes a week — on Monday and on Wednesday. 12. I rest in the evening. 13. How long does every class last? 14. We have examinations at the end of each term. 15. Who wants to listen to the recorded tape? 16. Examinations take place in this classroom on Tuesdays. 17. It is the last term of the academic year. It’s short. 18. My watch is correct. It always keeps good time. 19. Let Ann describe the picture in English. 20. I want them to listen to this tape.

Key to Exercises

550

Lesson 9, Ex. 5, page 183

1. We are going to write a test next time. 2. We are going to come to the examination in time. 3. She is going to listen to his lecture. 4. They are going to see the new film before classes. 5. I am going to speak on the same topic.

Ex. 8, page 184

a) at least, of course, a list of books, next time, in time, to find time, the number of the house, a well known scientist, a great poet, a well known Russian artist, to lend a pencil, to be among one’s friends, to see well, to look attentively, the twentieth century, at the beginning of the term, at the end of the century, though, still, duty;

б) 1. The time is up. 2. Come here. 3. Don’t be late. 4. Are you ready to go? — Certainly. 5. What’s the matter with you? Are you ill? 6. What’ the English for «в следующий раз»? 7. Try to do this translation today. 8. He is still ill but he is much better. 9. Now I am reading an interesting book by Dickens. 10. We must know at least one foreign language. 11. You may find this book in the library. 12. He speaks German well. 13. He comes here to see his friends. 14. Don’t forget to give me the book. 15. Let’s review the words because next time we are going to have a test. 16. I like (am a fond of) Pushkin’s poems. 17. Don’t forget about your duties. 18. I am going to translate the article though I have no dictionary. 19. I want her to translate the article.

Lesson 10, Ex. 4, page 199

1. As I live far from the Institute I go there by metro. 2. My brother lives not far from his plant that’s why he walks there. 3. There is a bookshop near my block. 4. The dean’s office is just near the library. 5. There is a beautiful park not far from our block. 6. This street is just near our office.

Ex. 9, page 201

a) 1. I leave home at 9 o’clock in the morning. 2. I leave (the) Institute when the lessons are over. 3. What time does your father leave home? 4. He seldom leaves early.

б) 1. I leave home for (the) Institute early. 2. I am leaving (leave) for Kaluga today. 3. I leave my plant for the Institute at 4 o’clock in the afternoon. 4. My father is leaving for Omsk. 5. Who is leaving Irkutsk for Tomsk?

в) 1. I like this film. 2. She likes this picture. 3. They like your city. 4. Do you like to walk? 5. He doesn’t like this street. 6. I like to go there by metro. 7. He likes to wash with cold water. 8. Do you like his article? 9. We like to help each other? 10. She likes to play tennis.

Ex. 16, page 203

a) to attend lectures and seminars, during the break, far from the house, far from the Institute, to spend time on the language, to switch on the radio,