1. Revision. Tenses. Повторение. Видовременные формы глагола

1.1. Active and Passive Voices Действительный и страдательный залоги в английском языке

В английском языке существует два залога: действительный и страдательный (Active Voice and Passive Voice). Когда действует субъект, сказуемое выражается глаголом в форме действительного залога. Когда в центре внимания говорящего находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию, или когда не указывается лицо, совершающее действие, употребляется страдательный залог.

Страдательным залогом пользуются, чтобы не упоминать исполнителя действия, указать исполнителя действия с помощью предлога by, в процессе описания, в безличном языке (в официальных объявлениях). Все времена в страдательном залоге образуются помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем лице, числе, времени и смыслового глагола в форме причастия II (Participle II). Обратите внимание на то, что в страдательном залоге в отличие от действительного, отсутствует будущее продолженное время Future Continuous и группа совершенных продолженных времен Perfect Continuous.

Перевод конструкций страдательного залога

На русский язык сказуемое в страдательном залоге чаще всего переводится:

а) сочетанием глагола «быть» с краткой формой причастия или только кратким причастием

I knew why these contracts had not been signed by the 1^st of September.

Я знал, почему эти контракты не были подписаны к 1 сентября.

The annual report has been approved unanimously.

Ежегодный отчёт одобрен единогласно.

б) глаголом с частицей «ся», «сь»

The terms of goods delivery are being discussed now.

Сроки поставки товаров обсуждаются сейчас.

в) неопределенно-личной формой глагола (3 л. множественного числа)

This article on problems of demography has been typed recently.

Эту статью о демографических проблемах напечатали недавно.

Если в английском предложении после сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в страдательном залоге, стоит предлог без последующих слов, относящихся к нему (глаголы типа to agree on, to look at, to insist on, to send for, to refer to, to depend on, to think of), то при переводе соответствующий русский предлог ставится в начале предложения. Предложения такого типа обычно переводятся на русский язык неопределенно-личными предложениями.

His report at the conference was much spoken about.

О его докладе на конференции много говорили.

These scientists’ works are often referred to.

На работы этих учёных часто ссылаются.

The Active Voice

Aspect Tense	Simple/ простое (факты, повторяющееся действие) to V	Continuous (Progressive)/ длительное (действие в данный момент) to be Ving	Perfect/ совершенное (предшествова-ние данному моменту, законченность, завершенность) to have V3	Perfect Continuous/ совершенное длительное (действие, начавшееся в какой-либо момент и продолжающееся в течение какого-то времени) to have been Ving
Present Насто-ящее	V, V-s (3л., ед.ч.) write (s) пишу (обычно) (?,- : do, does)	am, is, are Ving am/is/are writing пишу (сейчас)	have, has V3 have / has written написал (уже)	have/has been Ving have/has been writing (пишу уже час с утра)
Past Прошед-шее	V-ed, V2 wrote написал (вчера) (?, - : did)	was, were Ving was/were writing писал (в 5 часов, когда он вошёл)	had V3 had written написал (к 5 часам, до его прихода)	had been Ving had been writing писал (уже час, когда он пришёл)
Future Будущее	shall V will shall/will write буду писать (завтра)	s hall be Ving will shall/will be writing буду писать (завтра в 5 часов, когда он придет)	s hall have V3 will shall/will have written напишу (завтра к 5 часам)	s hall have will been Ving shall/will have been writing буду писать (уже час, когда он придёт)

The Passive Voice

Aspect Tense	Simple/ простое (факты, повторяющееся действие)	Continuous (Progressive)/ длительное (действие в данный момент)	Perfect/ совершенное (предшествование данному моменту, законченность, завершенность)
Present Настоящее	am/is/are sent отправляют (всегда)	am/is/are being sent отправляют (сейчас)	have/has been sent (уже) отправили
Past Прошедшее	was/were sent отправили (вчера)	was/were being sent отправляли (в тот момент)	had been sent отправили (уже, к тому моменту в прошлом)
Future Будущее	shall/will be sent отправят (завтра)		shall/will have been sent отправят (уже, к тому моменту)

Practice

Ex. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the tenses of Active Voice. Can you explain why these tenses are used?

1. Since 1996, the number of households with computers has more than doubled.

2. The television remains the most common household appliance in Stanley but mobile telephones have rapidly become a popular item amongst the capital's residents.

3. The panic in world financial markets has led to sharp falls in share prices and led to the contraction of credit markets.

4. I have been working at the same office since I graduated from the university.

5. She advised me to contact the Dean but I had already contacted him.

6. One of the most amaz­ing predictions I have heard about the twenty-first century is that we will be living longer and longer.

7. As soon as I receive the invitation, I shall go to Moscow.

8. In Victorian times Britain held the first place in export of capital and in investments around the world

9. Students will be able to go to Moscow during their winter holidays after they take their exams.

10. Mary was still working with the computer in the laboratory when she heard the alarm signal.

Ex. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the tenses of Passive Voice. Can you explain why these tenses are used?

1. Shaw warned in his speech that the marketing department is undervalued, “without marketing people won't buy more and more of your product."

2. A lot of money is spent on ineffective schemes.

3. It is anticipated that the project will be completed during the 2012/13 financial year.

4. Transport links, both within the Islands and to the world outside, have been transformed.

5. The private sector has blossomed and numerous new businesses have been created.

6. Cooperation is spelt with two letters – W-E. (George M. Verity)

7. The first English colony in North America was founded by the Pilgrims, who sailed from the English city of Plymouth in the Mayflower and landed in Massachusetts Bay in 1620.

8. The Falkland Islands are situated in the South Atlantic, some 650 kilometres (400 miles) from the South American mainland and 1,400 kilometres (850 miles) north of the Antarctic Circle.

9. The visa application requires two passport photos and a colour copy of the passport, which can be scanned and emailed. 

10. Companies are charged Corporation Tax at 21% on the first £1 million and any amount thereafter at 26%.

Ex. 3. Choose the correct form of the English verb for translating Russian verbs in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. A century ago the main items of British export (были) textile, iron, machinery and wool.

2. Since early times countries (заинтересованы) in trading those goods in which they (имеют) great competitiveness.

3. Advertising (считается) as one of the popular means to promote new products in the market.

4. You (были) ever to London? — Yes, I (была) there when the exhibition of our goods (проводилась) there.

5. Where is John? I (жду) for him for ages! — Don't wait for him. When I (пришёл) home an hour ago he (упаковывал) his things.

6. As soon as I (вернусь) from my business trip, I (позвоню) you up.

7. The speaker (сделал) a short pause to stress his words. The students (слушали) him with great attention.

8. Our company (продала) 50 types of new goods since 2000.

9. A variety of electronic equipment (производится) by Japan.

10.In the past, wool and coal (использовались ) as the main sources of energy by man.

Ex. 4. Match the parts to complete the sentences.

1. Petrol prices

2. This jacket

3. Competition! 5000 prizes

4. Five people

5. The telephone

6. It appeared the phone bill

7. Further information

8. Before the storm everyone

9. Smoking

10. The old town theatre

a) to be won.

b) have been increased.

c) has been disconnected

d) will be sent to candidates.

e) was made in Hong Kong.

f) were killed in the rally.

g) is not permitted anywhere

on this station.

h) had not been paid.

i) is currently being rebuilt.

j)was told to stay inside their homes.

(From Collins)

Ex. 5. Choose the correct option. Translate the sentences.

1. Each Parliament ______ for up to five years and _______ into annual sessions.

A. lasts, is divided;

B. is lasting, is dividing;

C. will last, will dvide;

2. Nowadays valuable metal generally ________ by paper notes.

A was replaced;

B replaces;

C is replaced;

3. Your application ____________.

A was rejected;

B has been rejected;

C rejected;

4. A professional tax accountant ____________ next week.

A will hire;

B will be hired;

C has been hired;

5. Plenty of ideas ___________ yesterday on how to make their departments more

effective.

A are offered;

B have offered;

C were offered;

Ex. 6. Put the parts of sentences in the correct order.

1. Nobody /why / he / had to sign / told him / those documents.

2. They’ve been / shares / since January / selling.

3. A lot of joint ventures / in different branches / have been / of industry / set up/ and in the service sector.

4. They / some market research / had done / the company / before they set up.

5. The contract / by the presidents / by the 1^st of September / will have been signed / of the companies.

6. I / whether / of the company / the representatives / by road or by air / enquired / would come.

Ex. 7. Use the verb in the brackets in the proper tense and voice. Translate the sentences.

1. The application form (not to complete) properly so the personnel office (to return) it.

2. The climate (to characterise) by a narrow temperature range, which (to vary) from 24°C (76°F) in January to -5°C (22°F) in July, with an average annual temperature of about 5.6°C (42°F).

3. The position (to fill) so the personnel department (to refuse) to accept any more applications.

4. Because they (to be) relatively durable and portable, books (to use) for centuries to preserve and distribute informa­tion.

5. After I (to graduate) from the Institute, I (to try) to find a job in a big

company.