5. Определения:

The problem of developing small business in Russia is very important nowadays.- Проблема развития малого бизнеса в России очень важна сейчас.

The only method of acquiring the language is to use it. — Един­ственный

способ овладеть языком — это говорить на нем.

Употребление герундия

Функции	Употребление герундия	Перевод
1. Подлежащее	Creating more jobs will reduce unemployment.	Создание большeго количества рабочих мест сократит безработицу.
2. Часть сказуемого	What he had always wanted was doing what he liked.	Что ему всегда хотелось, так это делать то, что ему нравится.
3. Дополнение	The car needs repairing. We insisted on their beginning the negotiations immediately.	Машина нуждается в ремонте. Мы настаивали на том, чтобы они начали переговоры немедленно.
4. Определение	He had some experience in working with people.	У него был некоторый опыт работы с людьми.
5. Обстоятельство	He reads English newspapers without using a dictionary.	Он читает газеты на английском, не пользуясь словарем.

После таких глаголов, как to like, to dislike, to prefer и др., в качестве дополнения может употребляться как герундий, так и инфинитив.

После таких глаголов, как to avoid, to need, to mind (в значении возражать), to remember, to require, в качестве дополнения употребляется только герундий.

Глаголы to stop, to forget в зависимости от того, следует за ним герундий или инфинитив, имеют разные значения:

Не stopped to speak to me. – Он остановился, чтобы поговорить со мной.

Не stopped speaking. – Он перестал разговаривать.

После некоторых глаголов с предлогами и наречиями, а также после некоторых словосочетаний с предлогами употребляется только герундий. К ним относятся: to give up, to be afraid of, to be famous for, to be good at, to be fond of, to be interested in, to be proud of, to depend on, to insist on (upon), to object to, to prevent from, to succeed in, to think of, to go on…

После составных предлогов because of, thanks to, due to, owing to, instead of, in spite of, for the purpose of, of (no) use употребляется только герундий.

Practice

Ex. 1. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the used gerunds.

1. Personal selling means individual contact.

2. Learning rules without examples is of little use.

3. The success of your business depends much on your knowing how to manage

your money.

4. Business Link is also encouraging people with disabilities to think about starting

up their own business.

5. By raising an issue in the House of Commons, MPs can bring it to the attention

of the press and public.

6. During a crisis, employers are in a more advantageous position when hiring

employees.

7. Loan officers help businesses by loaning them money to get started or to buy

equipment.

8. Parliament and government both play a part in forming the laws of the United

Kingdom.

9. Keeping fit and staying healthy have become a growing industry.

10. They are proud of having won their competitors in this sector.

Ex. 2. Choose the correct word from the list below the line.

creating, choosing, signing, doing, believing, hiring,

putting, building up, selecting, hearing, making

1. They regret ________ the contract.

2. I suggest ________ one currency to deal in.

3. You can fill this vacancy by _______ two part-time salesgirls.

4. I look forward to ______ from you.

5. ________ a business is a slow process.

6. He counted the money carefully before ______ it in his pocket.

7. _______ new jobs will reduce unemployment.

8. What are six things you like _______?

9. Thank you for _______ your order.

10. _____ how to advertise your company depends on what type of business it is. 11. Seeing is_______.

Ex. 3. Make up sentences, matching the suggested parts:

1. He doesn't know any­thing,….

2. The train is to leave in five

min­utes,…..

3. He has left already,…..

4. He has failed,…..

5. We have got plenty of time,…..

a) it's no use asking him questions.

b) it's no use ringing him up.

c) it's no use speaking with the

dean about it.

d) it's no use hiring a taxi.

e) it's no use helping him.

Ex. 4. Make up sentences, matching the suggested parts. Give your reasons for the choice made.

Pattern: 1) Dancing is popular in Latin America probably because people are very tem­peramental there.

2) Dancing gives one a lot of pleasure; you can relax and enjoy music.

Dancing

Surfing the Internet

Going to concerts

Playing hockey

Travelling

Figure skating

Learning to play the piano

Cooking

Studying Japanese

Listening to disks

Keeping fit

……takes a lot of time.

……is popular in...

……is a luxury for stu­dents.

……influences our thinking.

…....gives one pleasure.

……costs a lot of money.

……is something that everyone

does nowadays.

……is necessary not only for health.

……attracts more and more fans.

……is my hobby.

Speaking to an audience ……is always stressful.

Ex. 5. Choose the correct form.

1. We are surprised at his not (coming, having come) yesterday.

2. The teacher is sure of their (passing, having passed) the exam well tomorrow.

3. We rely on your (doing, having done) the work properly next week.

4. She objected to his (being sent, having been sent) there.

5. They insist on (telling, being told) about it.

6. He denies my (seeing, having seen) him yesterday.

7. They rely on your (informing, having informed) every­body tomorrow.

8. Nobody objects to the plan (having been discussed, being discussed) at

the next meeting.

9. They insisted on the work (doing, being done) within this week.

10. He hates (being disturbed, disturbing) people.

Ex. 6. Decide what prepositions are missing in the gaps. Consult the dictionary if necessary.

1. The success of your business depends much … your knowing how to manage your money.

2. Colleges are interested … recruiting mature students.

3. Without advertising there is no use … creating your product.

4. The boss insisted … his employees raising their educational level.

5. They were afraid … failing their partners.

6. Jules Vern succeeded … predicting moon journeys in his science fiction novels.

7. What would you say … increasing sales in this region?

8. We object … signing the contract on these terms.

Ex.7 . Explain the meaning of the ing-forms in the following word combinations and translate them:

1. an ironing board, an ironing woman;

2. teaching aids, a teaching man;

3. a swimming suit, a swimming girl, swimming the girl…, swimming is...;

4. no laughing matter, a laughing child;

5. landing time, a landing plane;

6. talking points, a talking woman;

7. a driving license, a driving car;

8. a walking stick, walking is..., walking a dog he...;

9. no standing room, standing men;

10. parting words, parting they...

Ex. 8. Answer these questions. Use gerunds. Don’t give one-word answers. Work in pairs.

1. When did you start learning English? What do you think is the best way of

learning a foreign language?

2. Do you enjoy watching historical films?

3. What books are worth reading?

4. What are the most popular ways of spending weekends in your family?

5. Which is more satisfying: to give gifts or to receive them?

6. Are you good at solving problems?

7. Do you have any experience in working with people?

8. You are proud of having the best results in the group, aren't you?

9. Do you think keeping fit is important for a good manager?

10. What questions should people ask themselves before choosing a profession?

11. Why is being a manager a hard work?

12. When you are angry, are you in the habit of raising your voice?

13. You try to use every possible means for developing your professional skills, don’t you?

Ex. 9. Check how good you are at translating. If you have any problems, see grammar commentaries.

1. Just producing creative ideas for advertising is no longer sufficient to become a

top marketing executive.

2. Due to the hiring changes major companies have stopped employing.

3. Parliament is responsible for approving new laws (legislation).

4. MPs can assist their constituents in a variety of ways, from making private

enquiries on your behalf, to raising matters publicly in the House of

Commons.

5.Sometimes firing can be avoided by transfer to another job.

6. Answering the question whether it is worth starting your own business a

person should consider entrepreneurship as a process.

7. The process of managing personnel involves coordinating activities of many

people.

8. They are proud of having won the tender, it was a tough competition.

9. Before carrying out the operation one should study all the instructions. 10. An important responsibility of production managers is directing and supervising the work of the production personnel.