CONTENTS
THE VERB
§ 1. The General Notion………………………………………………………………………………..	4
§ 2. The Classification of Verbs………………………………………………………………………..	4
§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of Verbs…………………………………………………………….	6
TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE
THE PRESENT TENSES
The Present Indefinite Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite…………………………………………………………...	7
Spelling Rules…………………………………………………………………………………………..	8
§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite………………………………………………………………….	10
The Present Continuous Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous…………………………………………………………	12
Spelling Rules…………………………………………………………………………………………..	12
§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous………………………………………………………………..	13
The difference between the Present Indefinite and the Present Continuous expressing future actions..	15
The difference between the Present Indefinite and TO BE GOING TO + Infinitive expressing future actions…………………………………………………………………………………………………..	15
The difference between the Present Continuous and TO BE GOING TO + Infinitive expressing future actions…………………………………………………………………………………………………..	15
The Present Perfect Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect……………………………………………………………...	16
§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect…………………………………………………………………….	17
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous…………………………………………………	19
§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous………………………………………………………..	20
The Difference between the Present Continuous and the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive………	21
The Difference between the Present Perfect Inclusive and the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive...	21
The Difference between the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive…………..	22
THE PAST TENSES
The Past Indefinite Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite………………………………………………………………	22
Spelling Rules…………………………………………………………………………………………..	22
§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite……………………………………………………………………..	24
The Difference between the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite…………………………………...	26
The Past Continuous Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous…………………………………………………………….	27
§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous…………………………………………………………………...	27
The Past Perfect Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect…………………………………………………………………	28
§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect………………………………………………………………………...	29
The Difference between the Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect………………………………………	30
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous…………………………………………………….	30
§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous…………………………………………………………...	31
The Difference between the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive……………..	32
The Difference between the Past Perfect Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive……….	32
The Difference between the Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive…………………	33
THE FUTURE TENSES
The Future Indefinite Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite……………………………………………………………	33
§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite…………………………………………………………………...	34
The Future Continuous Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous………………………………………………………….	34
§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous…………………………………………………………………	35
The Future Perfect Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect…………………………………………………………........	35
§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect……………………………………………………………………...	36
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous………………………………………………….	36
§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous………………………………………………………...	37
The Difference between the Future Indefinite and TO BE GOING TO + Infinitive…………………..	38
The Difference between the Future Indefinite and the Future Continuous…………………………….	38
The Difference between the Future Perfect and the Future Perfect Continuous Inclusive…………….	38
The Ways of Expressing Future Actions……………………………………………………………….	39
THE FUTURE TENSES IN THE PAST
The Future Indefinite in the Past
§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past………………………………………………..	41
§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past……………………………………………………….	41
The Future Continuous in the Past
§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past………………………………………………	42
§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past……………………………………………………..	42
The Future Perfect in the Past
§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past…………………………………………………...	43
§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past………………………………………………………….	43
The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past……………………………………...	44
§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past……………………………………………..	44
THE PASSIVE VOICE
§ 1. The General Notion………………………………………………………………………………..	45
§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice……………………………………………………………….	46
§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian……………………………………	47
§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice……………………………………………………………………...	47
THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
§ 1. The General Notion………………………………………………………………………………..	48
§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses……………………………………………………………...	49
§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses…………………………………………..	51
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
§ 1. The General Notion………………………………………………………………………………..	51
§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes………………………………………………………...	53
§ 3. Indirect Statements………………………………………………………………………………...	55
§ 4. Indirect Questions………………………………………………………………………………….	55
§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests………………………………………………………………………	56
§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice…………………………………………………………..	56
§ 7. Indirect Exclamations……………………………………………………………………………...	56
§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking………………………………………………………………………..	57
§ 9. Modal Verbs……………………………………………………………………………………….	57
§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech……………………………………………………….	57
EXERCISES…………………………………………………………………………………………..	58
REVISION EXERCISES……………………………………………………………………………..	100
IRREGULAR VERBS………………………………………………………………………………..	105
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………..	109

The verb

§ 1. The General Notion

The Verb is a notional part of speech which denotes an action or a state. Generally we distinguish between the following basic forms of the Verb:

The Infinitive	(V1)
The Past Indefinite	(V2)
Participle II	(V3)
Participle I	(V4)

Some grammarians also include here the form of the verb in the 3^rd person singular in the Present Indefinite.

§ 2. The Classification of Verbs

Verbs can be classified in the following ways:

1. According to the morphological structure verbs can be:

   (a) simple	(go, read, speak, etc.)
   (b) derived	(disclose, redo, simplify, etc.)
   (c) compound	(white+wash, broad+cast, black+mail, etc.)
   (d) composite	(stand up, go away, sit down, etc.)

2. According to the way of forming the Past Indefinite and Participle II verbs can be:

(a) regular

(b) irregular

Regular verbs are the verbs which take the ending -ED in the 2^nd and 3^rd forms.

E.g. to clean – cleaned – cleaned

to work – worked – worked

Irregular verbs are the verbs which do not take the ending -ED in the 2^nd and 3^rd forms.

E.g. to go – went – gone

to speak – spoke – spoken

to cut – cut – cut

3. According to the syntactic function verbs can be:

(a) main (notional)

(b) auxiliary

(c) link

Main (notional) verbs are the verbs which have a full lexical meaning and can be used as simple predicates.

E.g. He speaks English perfectly.

We discussed this problem yesterday.

Auxiliary verbs are the verbs which have lost their lexical meaning and are used only as form words (as component parts of analytical forms in simple predicates).

E.g. She is writing a letter now.

Will you come to the party?

Link verbs are the verbs which partially have lost their lexical meaning and are used in compound nominal predicates.

E.g. She is a student.

He looked tired.

4. According to the ability to take a direct object verbs can be:

(a) transitive

(b) intransitive

Transitive verbs are the verbs which take a direct object (i.e. they express an action which passes on to a person or thing directly).

E.g. He took his papers and went out.

She is reading a book.

Intransitive verbs are the verbs which cannot take a direct object.

E.g. He stood quite still.

Thank you for your kindness.

5. According to the ability to be used in the Continuous or the Perfect Continuous form verbs can be:

(a) dynamic

(b) stative

Dynamic verbs are the verbs which denote an action and can be used in the Continuous and the Perfect Continuous forms.

E.g. I am listening to the radio now.

She has been watching him for half an hour.

Stative verbs are the verbs which denote a certain state and cannot be used in the Continuous and the Perfect Continuous forms.

We can divide such verbs into the following groups:

• verbs of sense perception

to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to sound, to taste, etc.

E.g. I hear you well.

It smells good!

• verbs of mental activity

to believe, to doubt, to expect, to feel (=to think), to guess, to imagine, to know, to mean, to recognize, to remember, to see (=to understand), to suppose, to think, to understand, etc.

E.g. I see what you mean.

She knew that he was right.

• verbs of wish, feeling and will

to adore, to agree, to disagree, to desire, to dislike, to envy, to fear, to hate, to like, to love, to prefer, to refuse, to trust, to want, to wish, etc.

E.g. He likes tea.

She wanted to be informed of their arrival.

• verbs of possessing

to belong, to have, to own, to possess, etc.

E.g. This house belongs to my friends.

She owned that car for three years.

• verbs of existing or being

to be, to come from (=to originate), to consist, to contain, to exist, to hold, etc.

E.g. She is on duty today.

The audience consisted of many teenagers.

NOTE 1. Some of the verbs mentioned above can be used in the Continuous and the Perfect Continuous forms with a change of meaning to express temporary actions.

E.g. He has (=owns) a car.	He is having (=eating) dinner.
I think (=guess) he is right.	I am thinking (=considering) of entering the University