The past perfect

Exercise 36.

Form Participle II from the following infinitives. Comment on the spelling changes.

Model. to work – worked	We add the ending -ED according to the general rule.
to beat – beaten	We form Participle II from the infinitive of the irregular verb by adding the ending -EN.
to play – played	We don’t change the final -Y because it comes after the vowel.

to say, to study, to write, to offer, to do, to pay, to hang, to tell, to talk, to be, to read, to hop, to refer, to panic, to speak, to appear, to appeal, to fullfil, to nod, to supply.

Exercise 37.

(a) Make the following sentences negative and interrogative. Comment on the way of forming.

Model. He had written the letter already.	He had not written the letter yet.
	Had he written the letter already?
In the negative sentence we place the negative particle NOT after the auxiliary verb TO HAVE (had).
In the interrogative sentence we place the auxiliary verb TO HAVE (had) before the subject.

1. They had completed the task by 5 o’clock.

2. It had happened by the time he came.

3. Sarah had learned a lot of words by the end of the term.

4. Teddy had been there before.

5. I had cleaned my room already.

6. Rob had known her for three years by that time.

7. We had met Ann before.

8. She had posted the letter by the time her boss came.

9. He had known it already.

10. They had arranged everything by the time of his arrival.

(b) Put questions to the words in bold type.

1. I had seen that film before.

2. She had printed the letter by 5 o’clock.

3. Bob had been there for two hours by that time.

4. They had come already.

5. His sister had just washed the dishes.

6. Adam had stayed in Birmingham for a year.

7. She had listened to the text already.

8. Tommy and Teddy had fixed the bike by yesterday evening.

9. Jonathan had read ten books by the end of the year.

10. We had discussed an interesting film when he came.

(c) Ask all possible questions.

Our teacher had explained the grammar rule to us by 7 o’clock.

Exercise 38.

Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian and comment on the use of the Past Perfect.

Model. He had written the letter by that time.

Він написав листа до того часу.

had written is the form of the Past Perfect Active which denotes an action completed before the definite moment in the past. The adverbial by that time denotes the definite moment in the past.

1. Over the desert the sun burnt down, as it had done since the beginning of time, making it desolate and dry.

2. Already a number of animals had disappeared. The unknown territory ahead was not for them.

3. The container, which had obviously been in the water for quite a time, was treated as potentially toxic.

4. It was the first time he had ever had the courage to utter a personal remark of the kind.

5. After he had taken the club job, Kenyon had drifted out of contact with Hopper, the man who had introduced him to Barton.

6. There was fruit in abundance here and, after he had eaten and refilled his panniers, the boy looked around.

7. He knew where to pull off the road; he had done it the first time he and Pamela had crested the hill two and a half years before.

8. At that moment Kenyon believed everything Hunter had told him.

9. He stood outside, breathing deeply, savouring the difference between this and the London he had left less than two hours before.

10. The rain had stopped, but the grassland on to which Kenyon eased the car was soft mud underfoot.

Exercise 39.

Fill in the gaps with the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous or the Past Perfect. Comment on their use.

1. The train already … (to leave) when we … (to come) to the station.

2. She … (to put) on her coat, … (to take) her umbrella, … (to lock) the door and went home.

3. Suddenly John … (to realize) that he … (to meet) that girl before. Her face … (to seem) familiar to him.

4. When I … (to come), Nancy … (to write) the letter. She … (to say) she … (to write) five letters already.

5. We … (to live) in Belfast for ten years and then moved to Dublin.

6. They hardly … (to paint) the fence when it … (to begin) raining.

7. We … (to stay) at that hotel for two weeks by the time she … (to come) to see us.

8. The rain … (to stop), but a cold wind still … (to blow).

9. It … (to be) the best film he ever … (to see). He … (to like) Robinson’s acting.

10. Ted … (to come) and … (to give) me the letter from Ann. Only after he … (to leave), I … (to decide) to read it.

Exercise 40.

Translate the following sentences into English using the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous or the Past Perfect. Comment on their use.

1. Сонце ще не зійшло, коли Френк прокинувся. Погода була чудова. Яскраво сяяло сонце.

2. Сутеніло. Ледве Маргарет вимкнула світло, як хтось постукав у двері.

3. Джейн все ще спала, коли мати зайшла в її кімнату, оскільки вона повернулася додому дуже пізно.

4. Було щось дивне у поведінці Пола. Він підозріло дивився на вхідні двері. Здавалося, він знав, що сталося.

5. Я снідав, коли зателефонував Дон. Він нагадав мені, що я обіцяв допомогти йому з англійською.

6. Вчора ми ходили в кіно. Це був найгірший фільм, який я бачила у своєму житті.

7. Першокурсники зустрічалися зі студентами-старшокурсниками, які побували в Сполучених Штатах. Вони поділилися своїми враженнями про країну, про життя американців та про міста, які вони відвідали.

8. Минулого року Білл відвідав Пекін і перебував там два тижні. Його друг Майкл порадив йому поїхати до столиці Китаю.

9. Коли ми йшли на залізничний вокзал, почався дощ. На наше щастя ми взяли парасольки.

10. Пітер хворів вже тиждень, коли його друзі нарешті відвідали його.