- •The verb
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Classification of Verbs
- •§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •In demonstrations, instructions, commentaries and itineraries.
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous
- •An action in progress
- •A temporary characteristic of a person
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect
- •A series of actions which have happened up to now and can be continued
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which began in the past and is still in progress
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite
- •An action performed in the past
- •A general characteristic of a person in the past
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past or a past state
- •A succession of past actions
- •A repeated action in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the past
- •An action prior to another past action
- •An action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite
- •A future action or an official arrangement
- •A prediction based on our opinion or past experience
- •A polite inquiry
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the future
- •A fixed arrangement seen as a part of routine
- •An anticipated future action
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice
- •§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian
- •Combinations of the verb бути with the Past Participle Passive
- •§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice
- •Informal English
- •Formal notices and announcements
- •Press reports
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes
- •§ 3. Indirect Statements
- •§ 4. Indirect Questions
- •§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests
- •§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice
- •§ 7. Indirect Exclamations
- •§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking
- •§ 9. Modal Verbs
- •§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises the verb
- •The present indefinite
- •The present continuous
- •The present perfect
- •The present perfect continuous
- •The past indefinite
- •The past continuous
- •The past perfect
- •The past perfect continuous
- •The future tenses
- •The passive voice
- •The sequence of tenses direct and indirect speech
- •Revision exercises
- •The table of irregular verbs
- •Bibliography
The present indefinite
Exercise 6.
Change into the 3rd person singular. Comment on the spelling changes.
Model. We work in Warsaw. – She works in Warsaw. |
|
work – works |
We add the ending -S according to the general rule. |
They push their way to the front. – He pushes his way to the front. |
|
push – pushes |
We add the ending -ES because the verb ends in the sibilant represented in spelling by -SH. |
We play football at weekends.
Fireworks burst up into the dark sky, then fizz to nothing.
Buses arrive every hour.
They fix old cars in that garage.
What do you do for a living?
I try everything to lose weight with no success.
We teach geography at the local secondary school.
They buy books every week.
Our mums wash the dishes after meals.
The roads pass right through the town centre.
Exercise 7.
Model. He writes letters every day. |
He does not write letters every day. |
|
Does he write letters every day? |
In the negative sentence we place the negative particle NOT after the auxiliary verb TO DO (does for the 3rd person singular). |
|
In the interrogative sentence we place the auxiliary verb TO DO (does for the 3rd person singular) before the subject and the Infinitive of the main verb after the subject. |
(a) Make the following sentences negative and interrogative. Comment on the way of forming.
She sings beautifully.
He is a student.
The sun rises in the east.
I like tea.
She sounds ill.
The road runs down the valley.
He reads ten pages a day.
We are the champions.
They receive guests every other week.
The plane lands at 14.00.
(b) Put questions to the words in bold type.
He visits his grandma every summer.
They have five classes a day.
Bobby reads his morning papers after breakfast.
The bus arrives at 12.35.
Her mother is a good cook.
I hate his silly jokes.
We often go for a walk if the weather is fine.
Jenny is a teacher.
This book is about Africa.
Tommy is my cousin.
(c) Ask all possible questions.
Our teacher explains grammar rules to us every day.
Exercise 8.
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian and comment on the use of the Present Indefinite.
Model. He writes letters every day. |
Він пише листи кожного дня. |
writes is the form of the Present Indefinite Active which denotes a habitual repeated action. The adverbial every day expresses the regularity of the action. |
Every evening at 9.53 is the ceremony of the handing over the keys.
‘Oh, I forget the milk,’ said the dark lady hurrying off.
See what time we get into Port Said tomorrow.
Yet snakes kill up to 20,000 people every year – the highest snakebite fatality rate in the world.
‘I don’t think there’s much difference,’ said Leo.
Even if you’re on your own, call out loudly to an imaginary companion – most burglars will flee empty-handed rather than risk a confrontation.
We get the news every other day by electric telegraph, today we read about the terrible potato famine in Ireland.
‘Does this tea come from there?’ said Bill pointing to the tea plantation passing by.
When the city [London] hosts the Olympic Games in 2012, many more millions will pour in to see the sights.
Every schoolkid knows that the Earth itself is only 150 million kilometers from the sun.
Exercise 9.
(a) Fill in the gaps with the Present Indefinite or the Future Indefinite.
Note. Mind that a future action is expressed by the Present Indefinite in adverbial clauses of time and condition and by the Future Indefinite in object clauses.
He won’t go to sleep unless you … (to tell) him a story.
She’ll fall asleep as soon as her head … (to hit) the pillow.
I’m going to ask Tom and Nancy when they … (to come) to see us.
If you … (to go) by car, you’ll be able to stop wherever you want.
Next week I’ll ask him if he … (to go) by car to the seaside.
We’ll discuss this matter when she … (to return) from Los Santos.
Unless the weather … (to improve), they will have to cancel the game.
In case you … (to see) Sunny Duke, tell him to meet me at the airport.
As long as we … (to keep) playing well, we’ll keep winning games.
Don’t tell her when John … (to leave).
(b) Translate into English using the Present Indefinite or the Future Indefinite.
Я запитаю Пола, чи він повернеться з Нью Йорку наступної середи.
Я запитаю Пола про Мері, якщо він повернеться з Нью Йорку наступної середи.
Якщо ти так продовжуватимеш, ти не складеш іспит.
Давай зачекаємо, поки не припиниться дощ.
Ми працюватимемо в саду, доки буде світло.
Вона не знає, коли приїздять її батьки.
Коли її батьки приїдуть, я розповім їм усе.
Ми підемо на прогулянку, як тільки пообідаємо.
Він чекатиме, поки не повернеться Джейн.
Ніхто не знає, чи вони візьмуть участь в роботі коференції наступного року.
Exercise 10.
Translate the following sentences into English using the Present Indefinite. Comment on its use.
Хіба я не спізнився?
Батько ходить на роботу через день.
Я забув твій телефонний номер.
Кому належить цей будинок?
Фільм описує початок війни в Перській затоці.
Я дійсно розумію, що ти маєш на увазі.
Ти не підеш, поки не відповіси на запитання.
Магніт притягує залізо.
Якщо він не прийде вчасно, ми почнемо збори без нього.
Ви кладете шматочок масла на пательню. Потім додаєте яйця, збиті з борошном, і підсолюєте суміш.