§ 9. Adjectives used as close attributes precede the noun they

e.g. Nick could beat his father so badly at tennis that only paren- tal affection reconciled the older player to the poor show he put up.

Sometimes adjectives are found in post-position to the word they modify. It occurs in the following cases:

1) if an adjective modifies an indefinite pronoun,

e.g. Anyone intelligent can do it.

I'll tell you something wonderful.

2. in some set phrases, e.g. the president elect (=soon to take office), the examination board proper (=as strictly defined), court martial, attorney general, heir apparent, and the like.

3. if an attribute is expressed by the adjectives absent, present, concerned and involved,

e.g. The men present were all his friends.

The people involved were asked to come at ten o'clock.

Post-position is possible if an attribute has a modifier following it.

e.g. Peter and Tom were the boys easiest to teach. Or: Peter and Tom were the easiest boys to teach.

They have a garden larger than yours. Or: They have a larger garden than yours.

If there are several attributes modifying a noun their order within the attributive group is best shown in the following table:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
epithet	size	shape	age	colour	origin	substance	attribute forming a close sense-unit with a noun	noun

Nick, surprised, went over to the window to re-read the letter. Mother stood up from the table, curious and anxious.

§ 10. Note the place of the indefinite article when an adjective happens to be modified by too, so, as and however.

e.g. She is too timid a girl to meet him.

Dr Grogan was, in fact, as wise an old man as my grandfather. For this see also "Articles", § 65.

e.g. a brilliant (1) young (4) man a small (2) round (3) table a dirty (1) old (4) brown (5) coat a charming (1) French (6) writing (8) desk a large (2) green (5) Chinese (6) carpet a famous (1) German (6) medical (8) school a large (2) iron (7) box a big (2) square (3) old (4) chest a tall (2) young (4) London (6) policeman

An attributive group in which all the spaces were filled would be rare and cumbersome. Adjectives used as loose attributes are mobile in the sentence (for this see also § 7). e.g. Unhappy, the girl returned to work.

PRONOUNS

§ 1. Pronouns include a miscellaneous group of words which function in the sentence as noun pronouns or as adjective pronouns.

It is difficult to define the meaning of pronouns. Unlike nouns and adjectives, they do not name objects or qualities, but only point to them. In other words, they are devoid of concrete lexical meaning. They have a generalized meaning instead, which be- comes clear only in the context or situation.

Various individual pronouns may have different grammatical categories. Some of them have the category of number (e.g, this — these, that — those), others have the category of case (e.g. I — me, somebody — somebody's), still others are invariable (e.g. each, such, all, what and some others).

It should be pointed out that although pronouns function as nouns or adjectives in the sentence, they do not cover all the functions of the two parts of speech, but can only have some of them. Pronouns can be divided into the following classes:

1. personal pronouns, 6) indefinite pronouns,

2. possessive pronouns, 7) reciprocal pronouns,

3. reflexive pronouns, 8) interrogative pronouns,

4. emphatic pronouns, 9) conjunctive pronouns.

5. demonstrative pronouns,

Personal Pronouns