- •Table of Contents
- •Introduction
- •Unit 1 Models of market structures
- •Theory issues revising
- •Vocabulary
- •General classification of market structures
- •In general we classify market structures into four types:
- •II. Practice in economic analysis
- •Word building
- •Сложные слова (Compounds)
- •Grammar studying
- •V. Conversational English Opinions
- •VI. Revise the rules of reading
- •Unit 2 Types of market: Perfect Competition
- •Theory issues revising
- •Vocabulary
- •Perfect Competition: Characteristics and Occurrence
- •Practice in economic analysis
- •Starbucks coffee
- •Развитие семейного фермерства в Америке
- •Homestead Act of 1862
- •III. Word building
- •Со значением «ослабление, понижение, уменьшение чего-л.»
- •«Производить действие, обратное тому, которое обозначено производной основой»
- •IV. Grammar
- •V. Conversational English Reacting to opinions
- •Совершенная конкуренция
- •V I. Revise the rules of reading
- •Unit 3 Types of market: Monopoly
- •Theory issues revising
- •Vocabulary
- •What «Monopoly» is?
- •Types of Monopolies
- •Practice in economic analysis
- •The Diamond Market
- •An economic analysis of open source
- •Word building
- •С отрицательным значением (часто il- перед l; im- перед b, m, p; ir- перед r)
- •Конверсия
- •Grammar
- •V. Conversational English Agreement
- •Disagreement
- •Чистая монополия
- •VI. Revise the rules of reading
- •Unit 4 Monopolistic competition
- •Theory issues revising
- •Vocabulary
- •Characteristics of monopolistic competition
- •Practice in economic analysis
- •Differentiation potentialities
- •Philips
- •Whataburger Restaurants lp
- •Word building
- •Grammar studying
- •Complex Subject
- •V. Conversational English Attracting the attention
- •Монополистическая конкуренция
- •IV. Revise the rules of reading
- •Unit 5 Types of market: Oligopolies
- •Theory issues revising
- •Vocabulary
- •What oligopoly is?
- •Practice in economic analysis
- •A case study approach
- •Exercise 77. Read the following information, fulfill the task in written form, answer each question of the task, justify your opinion in the class.
- •How far does the theory of oligopoly match with the reality?
- •Word building
- •Grammar
- •Complex Object без частицы to употребляется:
- •Conversational English Group discussion
- •Progressive Ponderings: opec, Big Oil, u.S. Government conspire against the rest of us
- •Олигополия
- •Market shares of companies in the iron-ore raw material market in Russia.
- •VI. Revise the rules of reading
- •Appendix Final test «Market Structures»
- •It is usual to divide markets into four categories. In ascending order of competitiveness these are (fill in the missing three):
- •To which of the above four categories do the following apply to the member firms? (There can be more than one market category in each case)
- •In which of the four categories would you place each of the following? (It is possible in some cases that part of the industry could be in one category and part in another: if so name both)
- •Which of the following are characteristics of oligopoly? (There may be more than one correct answer)
- •Under which of the following circumstances is collusion likely to break down? (There may be more than one correct answer)
- •Question Bank Firms: Market structure
- •Brain storm № 1
- •Ритейлерам понизили процентную ставку
- •Brain storm № 2
- •Case study Market Structure: Restaurant Industry
- •Some Hints:
- •Crossword Market structure
- •The most common English suffixes
- •Bibliography
- •24. Monopoly Prof. John m. Abowd // http://instruct1.Cit.Cornell.Edu/courses/econ101-dl/lecture-monopoly.Html
- •Марина Ивановна Агиенко Елена Геннадьевна Казанцева Игорь Ильич Лямкин
- •650992, Г. Кемерово, пр. Кузнецкий, 39. Тел. 75-75-00.
Unit 1 Models of market structures
Theory issues revising
Exercise 1. Read the words from the texts and identify the words you know from the course of Economics.
Vocabulary
market structure |
рыночная структура, структура рынка (состав продавцов и покупателей, а также взаимоотношения между ними; определяется следующими характеристиками: количество продавцов, однородность продукции, возможность входа/ухода на рынок/с рынка, распределение информации о рынке между его участниками, степень ценового регулирования на рынке) |
standardized product |
стандартизованное изделие |
product differentiation |
дифференциация товара (продукта), индивидуализация продукции (придание продукту характеристик и качеств, отличающих его от аналогичной продукции других фирм с целью повышения конкурентоспособности) |
enter (the market, industry) |
выйти (выходить) на рынок (о компании, которая предлагает свой товар на новом рынке сбыта/ в новой отрасли промышленности) |
exit (the market, industry) |
уйти с рынка / из отрасли |
sole seller |
единственный продавец |
similar product |
подобный товар |
to constitute |
составлять Syn: make up , form , compose |
utilities |
коммунальные предприятия, компании и корпорации, занятые оказанием коммунальных услуг (водоснабжение, канализация, электроснабжение и т.п.). Поскольку эти предприятия считаются естественными монополиями, их деятельность регламентируется особым законодательством. |
to distinguish product |
различать, дифференцировать товар по его специфическим характеристикам, например, по цвету, фасону и пр. |
widespread |
широко распространенный |
consequently |
следовательно; поэтому; в результате, вследствие |
rival |
соперник; конкурент |
to take into account |
принимать во внимание, в расчет |
to affect |
оказывать влияние |
to determine |
определять, устанавливать (с помощью расчетов, рассуждений, проведения расследования и т. п.) |
output |
1) а) продукция; продукт, изделие; б) выпуск; выработка, объем производства; 2) производительность; мощность, отдача. |
mind-boggling |
невероятный, потрясающий, удивительный, ошеломляющий, поразительный Syn: incredible , unbelievable |
аrray
|
масса, множество, совокупность; набор, комплект |
co-branded |
двумарочный, многомарочный, совместный (о продукте, который выпускается под двумя или более торговыми марками, принадлежащими двум производителям) |
Exercise 2. Read the following information. What are the basic reasons to group industries?
General classification of market structures
A market is a group of economic agents (individuals and/or firms) that interact with each other in a buyer-seller relationship. This interaction results in transactions between the demand (buyer) side and the supply (seller) side of the market.
Economists group industries into four distinct market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. These four market models differ in several respects: the number of firms in the industry, whether those firms produce a standardized product or try to differentiate their products from those of other firms, and how easy or how difficult it is for firms to enter the industry.
Very briefly the four models are as follows:
Perfect competition involves a very large number of firms producing a standardized product (that is, a product identical to that of other producers, such as corn or cucumbers). New firms can enter or exit the industry very easily.
Monopoly is a market structure in which one firm is the sole seller of a product or service (for example, local electric utilities). Since the entry of additional firms is blocked, one firm constitutes the entire industry. Because the monopolist produces a unique product, it makes no effort to differentiate its product.
Monopolistic co
mpetition is characterized by a relatively large number of sellers producing differentiated products (clothing, furniture, books). There is widespread non-price competition, a selling strategy in which one firm tries to distinguish its product or service from all competing products on the basis of attributes like design and workmanship (an approach called product differentiation). Either1 entry to or exit from nonpolitically competitive industries is quite easy.
Oligopoly involves only a few sellers of an identical or similar product; consequently, each firm is affected by the decisions of its rivals and must take those decisions into account in determining its own price and output.
In the real world there is a mind-boggling array of different markets.
• In some markets, producers are extremely competitive (e.g. grain)
• In other markets, producers somehow coordinate actions to avoid directly
competing with each other (e.g. breakfast cereals)
• In others, there is no competition (e.g. flights).