- •Белорусский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов
- •Абрамчик е.Ф., Поваляева в.Н., Турляй л.П., Козел л.А.
- •History as a Science
- •Preview
- •Text 1. Understanding History
- •Text 2. How do We Know?
- •Text 3. Examining Archaeology
- •Text 4. Museum – Source of Knowledge and Impressions
- •Polydialogue. The University-wide Open Days
- •The usefulness of archives
- •Video. Dartmoor National Park
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you view
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension tasks
- •Follow-up
- •Writing tasks
- •Finally …
- •Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
- •Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
- •Text 2. Setting the Stage for Civilization: The Origins of Food Production
- •Text 3. The Gradual Transition From Food Gathering To Food Production
- •Text 4. The Transition to a Sedentary Way of Life
- •Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
- •Unit III classical civilization. Ancient greek culture
- •Text 1. The ancient Greeks
- •Text 2. The Evolution of Democracy
- •Text 3. Sparta and Athens
- •Text 4. The Age of Pericles
- •The economy of Athens
- •Text 5. Religions and sports festivals
- •Text 6. Greek Drama
- •Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
- •The Golden age of Greek Theatre
- •The tragedy form
- •Александрия
- •Unit IV ancient rome and its socio-political development. The roman empire
- •Text 1. The Rise Of The Republic
- •Text 2. Overseas Expansion
- •Text 3. The Fall Of The Roman Republic
- •Text 4. Greece and Rome
- •The Birth of Rome
- •Text 5. The Early Empire
- •Text 6. Social Rank in the Empire
- •Text 7. The Roman Economy
- •Rich and Poor
- •Золотой век
- •Unit V rome and the christians
- •Text 1. The Early Christians
- •Text 2. Rome and the Christians
- •Text 3. The Decline of Rome
- •Text 4. The Fall Of Rome
- •The Causes of the Fall
- •Христианство
- •Unit VI the middle ages
- •Text 1. The Middle Ages. Their Classification and General Characteristics.
- •Text 2. Byzantine and Its Influence on Neighboring Countries
- •In the Field of Learning and Religion
- •Text 3. Medieval Europe
- •Text 4. The Spirit of the Renaissance
- •Features of Renaissance Art
- •Ex. 2. Translate the text into English. Феодальная система в Западной и Центральной Европе
- •Discussion
- •Text 1. Primordial Belarus – From Forest Tribes to the Decline of Polatsk
- •Text 2. The Development and Flourishing of Great Lithuania
- •Text 3. Belarus after Vitaut: its Golden Age and Decline
- •Text 4. Belarus after the Third Division of Rech Paspalitaya
- •Dialogue Travelling Broadens the Mind
- •B. Some old and Rare Books in the Francisk Skaryna Library in London
- •Part III
- •Britain
- •Preview
- •Reading Text 1. Primitive Society on the territory of the British Isles
- •The Earliest Men
- •The Celts
- •The Primitive Communal System
- •Word Check
- •Comprehension
- •Text 2. The British Empire
- •Text 3. Economic and Social Changes
- •In England in the 18th and 19th Centuries
- •Text 4. Modern Britain. Stability and Change.
- •Rich and Poor
- •Unit II american continet:
- •Its first civilizations and colonies.
- •Text 1. From Early People to Colonies.
- •Text 2. Colonization of America. War For Independence
- •Discussion
- •Text 3. Constitution. Bill of Rights.
- •Comprehension
- •Word Check
- •Ex. 2. Discuss which of them one can find in a) democratic society
- •Text 2. The European Union Read the text and say in a few words the main points of the text
- •Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
- •Security Council.
- •Translation
- •Unit II outstanding people
- •Text 1. The “Father of History”
- •Text 2. Alexander the Great and his Influence
- •Text 3. Elizabeth I.
- •Text 4. John Fitzerald Kennedy.
- •Contents
Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
Начальное приручение животных и земледелие могли возникнуть лишь в условиях такой производительности труда и в охоте и в собирательстве, которая обеспечивала относительно регулярную добычу средств существования, давала возможность длительного пребывания в определенных местах, упрочивала общественное домашнее хозяйство. Тут важно учесть деятельность всей группы в целом, а не только мужчин (в приручении животных) и женщин (в земледелии): это – совместная деятельность в разных сферах труда, но приводившая к общему результату – к развитию прочных общественных поселений, в пределах которых при наличии соответствующей географической обстановки развились и земледелие и скотоводство.
Скотоводство на первых этапах его развития не могло заменить охоты и рыболовства, эти занятия надолго сохраняют свое значение.
Как позволяют судить археологические и этнографические данные, довольно рано были одомашнены свиньи, козы и овцы.
Использование скота в качестве запасов мяса предшествовало использованию его с целью получения молока.
У скотоводов Африки первоначально было широко распространено разведение коз и овец, а впоследствии стало преобладать разведение крупного рогатого скота.
Ранее мы указали, что создавшиеся прочные родовые группы развили новые отрасли производства: земледелие и скотоводство, что развитие общественного домашнего хозяйства было условием упрочения этих родовых групп. А в общественном домашнем хозяйстве решающую роль играла женщина, и ее первоначальная роль в земледелии и раннем скотоводстве довольно значительна.
Однако необходимо учитывать, что появление скотоводства и земледелия, в частности одомашнение животных, было результатом совместных, коллективных усилий всей группы в целом
Ex. 2. Translate the text into Russian.
Early humans probably settled all the continents except Antarctica within the short span of about 50,000 years. Initially, humans lived in tropical areas, which contained diseases and parasities. As populations spread outward from the tropical areas, mortality rates declined, causing fast population growth. Over a long period of time this resulted in a large population that could no longer be supported simply by finding additional hunting grounds. Thus began a transition from migratory hunting and gathering to migratory agriculture, causing a swift spread of crops across the Middle East and all of Eurasia within only 5,000 years.
About 10,000 years ago a new and more resourceful way of life, involving static agriculture practices, became the primary life style of human societies. These new practices permitted a greater investment of labour and technology in crop production, which substantially increased the food supply. Despite this development, occasional migrations persisted.
The next wave of migration began around 4000 B.C.E. It was encouraged by the development of seagoing boats using sails, and by innovative farming practices. The Mediterranean Sea was the center of a maritime culture that settled the offshore islands and inspired the development of long-distance trade. At the same time, creative farming practices altered animals, which were tamed for human use. These changes allowed humans to use animals for physical tasks and to consume the meat of most male newborn animals and the milk produced by the females.
Both sea merchants and farmers were inherently migratory, and both struggled for power over vast regions. The farmers were able to populate the extensive grasslands of the Eurasian Steppe and Middle Eastern savannas. Yet the influence of the merchants was also expanding quickly. Their superior nutrition and mobility gave them clear military advantages over the farmers they encountered.
Discussion
Speak about the early accomplishments of humans giving examples of specialization and differention of labour.
“As the last glaciers receded northwards, many cold-loving species retreated with them. Some humans may have moved north with the game but others stayed behind, creating an extremely different sort of world in comparatively short order”. Which one of these groups remained hunters?
The humans who stayed behind and became sedentary, that is, settled in one place, are the humans who created “an extremely different sort of world in comparatively short order”, In what ways do you think the world they created might have been different from their previous way of life? Why do you think so?
Discuss how people made the transition from food gathering to food-producing, that is, to farming; give possible reasons for this transition.
Speak about the emergence of villages and further evolution towards civilization.
Summary
Summarize the information from the Unit and be ready to speak on First Steps Towards Civilization. Use the following prompts as a plan.
The early accomplishments of humans.
The origin of food production: hunting, gathering, farming. Examples of implements the humans used.
The transition to a sedentary way of life, the emergence of villages and trade.