- •Белорусский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов
- •Абрамчик е.Ф., Поваляева в.Н., Турляй л.П., Козел л.А.
- •History as a Science
- •Preview
- •Text 1. Understanding History
- •Text 2. How do We Know?
- •Text 3. Examining Archaeology
- •Text 4. Museum – Source of Knowledge and Impressions
- •Polydialogue. The University-wide Open Days
- •The usefulness of archives
- •Video. Dartmoor National Park
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you view
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension tasks
- •Follow-up
- •Writing tasks
- •Finally …
- •Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
- •Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
- •Text 2. Setting the Stage for Civilization: The Origins of Food Production
- •Text 3. The Gradual Transition From Food Gathering To Food Production
- •Text 4. The Transition to a Sedentary Way of Life
- •Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
- •Unit III classical civilization. Ancient greek culture
- •Text 1. The ancient Greeks
- •Text 2. The Evolution of Democracy
- •Text 3. Sparta and Athens
- •Text 4. The Age of Pericles
- •The economy of Athens
- •Text 5. Religions and sports festivals
- •Text 6. Greek Drama
- •Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
- •The Golden age of Greek Theatre
- •The tragedy form
- •Александрия
- •Unit IV ancient rome and its socio-political development. The roman empire
- •Text 1. The Rise Of The Republic
- •Text 2. Overseas Expansion
- •Text 3. The Fall Of The Roman Republic
- •Text 4. Greece and Rome
- •The Birth of Rome
- •Text 5. The Early Empire
- •Text 6. Social Rank in the Empire
- •Text 7. The Roman Economy
- •Rich and Poor
- •Золотой век
- •Unit V rome and the christians
- •Text 1. The Early Christians
- •Text 2. Rome and the Christians
- •Text 3. The Decline of Rome
- •Text 4. The Fall Of Rome
- •The Causes of the Fall
- •Христианство
- •Unit VI the middle ages
- •Text 1. The Middle Ages. Their Classification and General Characteristics.
- •Text 2. Byzantine and Its Influence on Neighboring Countries
- •In the Field of Learning and Religion
- •Text 3. Medieval Europe
- •Text 4. The Spirit of the Renaissance
- •Features of Renaissance Art
- •Ex. 2. Translate the text into English. Феодальная система в Западной и Центральной Европе
- •Discussion
- •Text 1. Primordial Belarus – From Forest Tribes to the Decline of Polatsk
- •Text 2. The Development and Flourishing of Great Lithuania
- •Text 3. Belarus after Vitaut: its Golden Age and Decline
- •Text 4. Belarus after the Third Division of Rech Paspalitaya
- •Dialogue Travelling Broadens the Mind
- •B. Some old and Rare Books in the Francisk Skaryna Library in London
- •Part III
- •Britain
- •Preview
- •Reading Text 1. Primitive Society on the territory of the British Isles
- •The Earliest Men
- •The Celts
- •The Primitive Communal System
- •Word Check
- •Comprehension
- •Text 2. The British Empire
- •Text 3. Economic and Social Changes
- •In England in the 18th and 19th Centuries
- •Text 4. Modern Britain. Stability and Change.
- •Rich and Poor
- •Unit II american continet:
- •Its first civilizations and colonies.
- •Text 1. From Early People to Colonies.
- •Text 2. Colonization of America. War For Independence
- •Discussion
- •Text 3. Constitution. Bill of Rights.
- •Comprehension
- •Word Check
- •Ex. 2. Discuss which of them one can find in a) democratic society
- •Text 2. The European Union Read the text and say in a few words the main points of the text
- •Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
- •Security Council.
- •Translation
- •Unit II outstanding people
- •Text 1. The “Father of History”
- •Text 2. Alexander the Great and his Influence
- •Text 3. Elizabeth I.
- •Text 4. John Fitzerald Kennedy.
- •Contents
Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
In 1939, conflict broke out in Europe. This was the final nail in the Coffin for the League of Nations, which had been set up at the end of the First World War. Nationalism, isolationism, aggression and territorial competitiveness all led to the collapse of the League; it had proved itself ineffective against the whilms of the expansionist foreign policy of certain nations. Yet the outbreak of conflict led some nations to call for a new international security system that would guarantee peace.
On 12 June 1941, the inter-allied Declaration was signed in London. Later in 1941, Winston Churchill, prime minister of Great Britain, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of USA, met on board a ship, HMS Prince of Wales, in the mid-Atlantic and devised a Charter which called for the establishment of new body to maintain peace. On 1 January 1942, the wartime Allies declared themselves the United Nations. This declaration was signed by 26 nations which joined forces in a “ common struggle against savage and brutal forces”.
In the summer of 1944, representatives of the USA, Great Britain and USSR met at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington DC to draft plans for the structure and responsibilities of a United Nations Organization (UNO). China’s representatives attended the second stage of discussions. The representatives outlined the role of the Security Council as an arbiter of peace for all nations. Nevertheless, The USSR expressed concern about its isolation within the Security Council.
At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Americans proposed the use of veto so any permanent member of the Security Council could reject a motion. Yet it was not until the San Francisco Conference in April of that year that representatives from “smaller” nations were invited to attend the discussions. By 26 June 1945, a charter of 111 points had been drawn up and was signed by the 50 nations in attendance – the decision having been made to have as wide a membership as possible. On 24 October, the UNO was opened.
The role of the UNO includes:
maintaining peace and security, using collective measures to remove threats to peace, to suppress aggression and to settle disputes – any action taken should be assisted by all members;
enabling self-determination and respect between nations;
achieving international cooperation and solving humanitarian crises;
promoting human rights.
The role of the UNO excludes:
*interfering in the working of a country;
*forcing a country to take action.
There are six main organs of the UN
General Assembly.
The General Assembly meets annually and all nations that are members have one vote. Special sessions can be called in a crisis by any member or the Security Council. It is a debating chamber, discussing crises and budgets. It is also a supervisory body for all other UN organs. Decisions are made on two-thirds majority.
Security Council.
The Security Council has five permanent members: China, France, Great Britain, Russia and the USA. They have the right of veto. They are joined by ten temporary members ( six up to 1965) elected by the General Assembly. The members decide on what action should be taken in times of crisis. However, peacekeeping forces can only be used if a minimum of nine out of the 15 members support the action. The action may be either persuasive or coercive.
Economic and Social Council.
The Economic and Social Council has 27 members, elected by the General Assembly. Each year one third of the Council retires. It is responsible for tackling socioeconomic issues including health, education and human rights. It supervises the commissions and agencies which investigate and seek solutions for these problems.
Trusteeship Council.
The Trusteeship Council was responsible for helping nations prepare for independence where self-determination was sought. More than 70 colonial territories have attained independence with its help. By 1994, its function was largerly complete.
International Court of Justice.
The International Court of Justice has 15 judges , each from different countries. They are elected for 3-year term by the General Assembly and resolve legal disputes between nations, not between individuals.
Secretariat.
The Secretariat is the civil service of the UN, its staff come from across the member states. It is headed by the Secretary General who is appointed on the recommendation of the Security Council but with ratification by the General Assembly. The current Secretary General, appointed in 1997, is Kofi Annan.
Since 1948 there have been over 50 peacekeeping operations. The peacekeeping forces are a combination of forces from different member countries and their role is to act as a police force between the various opponents in a war zone. Their tasks might involve maintaining a cease-fire or supervising an election.
In 1948, the UNO adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This recommended standards which all nations should uphold to protect the rights of the individual. In 1949, the General Assembly adopted conventions relating specifically to the rights of children; it stated that children under 15 year old should not take part in wars. More generally, the UN is concerned to protect children from poverty, disease and war.
Member states have been backed up by the agencies of the Economic and Social Council. The World Health Organization (WHO) has sent emergency medical teams to areas where disasters such as floods and earthquakes have occured. Immunisation programmes have also been carried out, so that by the 1990s,WHO announced an 80% success rate in elimination the six main diseases ( diphteria, measles, whooping cough, polio, turberculosis and tetanus) in the developing world. In the 1980s WHO had totally eradicated small pox.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) aimed to established programs to educate and train people to enable them to become economically viable, and to develop media and communications systems in the developing world. By the 1980s Britain and The USA had concluded the UNESCO was too involved in political issues and withdrew their support.
The Atlantic Charter, Drafted by Roosevelt and Churchill, stated that a United Nations organization had to defend four freedoms:
freedom of want;
freedom from fear;
Freedom of speech;
Freedom of religious belief.
Yet since its creation in 1945, over 30 million people have been killed in conflicts and over 100 million people have become refugees. Many negotiations have occured outside the remit of the UN – until the 1980s, political groups were based around the allegiances of the Cold War.
Nevertheless, when the UN was established, it had only 51 members. Now 189 nations have committed to its aims. Whilst the UN has not prevented wars, it has often brought about change and cooperation by negotiation, coercion or persuation. Its social and health programmes have brought about speedier recovery from disaster than would otherwise have been possible. Most significally it is the standard bearer for the flag of humanity which its member states are expected to salute.
Word Check
Ex. 1. Study the vocabulary and make sure you know the words:
Конкуренция; падение; прихоть, каприз; убедительный;
Принудительный; приниматься; столбняк; пока
Ex. 2. Match the words from column A with those from B and make up the sentences of your own with them.
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Comprehension
Ex. 1. Split the text into parts and think of appropriate title for each one.
Ex. 2. Explain what the following names and abbreviations mean: HMS; the Dumbarton Oak Conference; WHO; UNESCO; the San Francisco Conference; the Yalta Conference.
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences:
… led to the collapse of the League of Nations
… met in the mid- Atlantic and devised…
On 1 January 1942…
… to draft plans for the structure and …
At the Yalta Conference in February 1945…
… a charter of 111 points…
There are 6… . They are …
… the Universal Declaration of Human Rights…
The WHO has sent …
The UNESCO aimed to …
The Atlantic Charter had to defend….
Now there are … members…
Ex. 4.Define the following statements as true or false. Correct the false ones.
The UNO was opened on 24 October 1946.
The role of the UN excludes enabling self-determination and respect between nations
There are eight main organs of the UN.
UNESCO aimed to establish programmes to educate and train people to make them free of any regime.
The International Court of Justice resolves legal disputes between nations and between individuals.
The Economic and Social Council has 27 members.
The current head of WHO is Kofi Annan.
The UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1945.
THE Atlantic Charter, drafted by Roosevelt and Churchill, stated that a United Notions organization had to defend four freedoms.
There have been about 50 peacekeeping operations since 1948.
Ex. 5. Give full answers to the questions using the information from the text and your own knowledge.
What led to collapse of the League of Nations?
With what did the movement toward the UNO begin?
What were the stages of the creation of the UNO?
When was it opened?
What does the role of the UN include and exclude?
How many organs are there in the UNO? What are they?
When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?
When did the UNO adopt the convention relating to the rights of children?
What freedoms does the UNO have to defend?
Are there any success or failures during the period of the UNO existence?
Discussion
Ex. 1. Work in groups and make the chronology of the UN creation.
Ex. 2. Discuss in groups:
organs of the UN and their responsibilities;
success and failures of the UNO.
Ex. 3. Write an essay on the topic ”The UNO and the World”