- •Белорусский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов
- •Абрамчик е.Ф., Поваляева в.Н., Турляй л.П., Козел л.А.
- •History as a Science
- •Preview
- •Text 1. Understanding History
- •Text 2. How do We Know?
- •Text 3. Examining Archaeology
- •Text 4. Museum – Source of Knowledge and Impressions
- •Polydialogue. The University-wide Open Days
- •The usefulness of archives
- •Video. Dartmoor National Park
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you view
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension tasks
- •Follow-up
- •Writing tasks
- •Finally …
- •Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
- •Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
- •Text 2. Setting the Stage for Civilization: The Origins of Food Production
- •Text 3. The Gradual Transition From Food Gathering To Food Production
- •Text 4. The Transition to a Sedentary Way of Life
- •Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
- •Unit III classical civilization. Ancient greek culture
- •Text 1. The ancient Greeks
- •Text 2. The Evolution of Democracy
- •Text 3. Sparta and Athens
- •Text 4. The Age of Pericles
- •The economy of Athens
- •Text 5. Religions and sports festivals
- •Text 6. Greek Drama
- •Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
- •The Golden age of Greek Theatre
- •The tragedy form
- •Александрия
- •Unit IV ancient rome and its socio-political development. The roman empire
- •Text 1. The Rise Of The Republic
- •Text 2. Overseas Expansion
- •Text 3. The Fall Of The Roman Republic
- •Text 4. Greece and Rome
- •The Birth of Rome
- •Text 5. The Early Empire
- •Text 6. Social Rank in the Empire
- •Text 7. The Roman Economy
- •Rich and Poor
- •Золотой век
- •Unit V rome and the christians
- •Text 1. The Early Christians
- •Text 2. Rome and the Christians
- •Text 3. The Decline of Rome
- •Text 4. The Fall Of Rome
- •The Causes of the Fall
- •Христианство
- •Unit VI the middle ages
- •Text 1. The Middle Ages. Their Classification and General Characteristics.
- •Text 2. Byzantine and Its Influence on Neighboring Countries
- •In the Field of Learning and Religion
- •Text 3. Medieval Europe
- •Text 4. The Spirit of the Renaissance
- •Features of Renaissance Art
- •Ex. 2. Translate the text into English. Феодальная система в Западной и Центральной Европе
- •Discussion
- •Text 1. Primordial Belarus – From Forest Tribes to the Decline of Polatsk
- •Text 2. The Development and Flourishing of Great Lithuania
- •Text 3. Belarus after Vitaut: its Golden Age and Decline
- •Text 4. Belarus after the Third Division of Rech Paspalitaya
- •Dialogue Travelling Broadens the Mind
- •B. Some old and Rare Books in the Francisk Skaryna Library in London
- •Part III
- •Britain
- •Preview
- •Reading Text 1. Primitive Society on the territory of the British Isles
- •The Earliest Men
- •The Celts
- •The Primitive Communal System
- •Word Check
- •Comprehension
- •Text 2. The British Empire
- •Text 3. Economic and Social Changes
- •In England in the 18th and 19th Centuries
- •Text 4. Modern Britain. Stability and Change.
- •Rich and Poor
- •Unit II american continet:
- •Its first civilizations and colonies.
- •Text 1. From Early People to Colonies.
- •Text 2. Colonization of America. War For Independence
- •Discussion
- •Text 3. Constitution. Bill of Rights.
- •Comprehension
- •Word Check
- •Ex. 2. Discuss which of them one can find in a) democratic society
- •Text 2. The European Union Read the text and say in a few words the main points of the text
- •Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
- •Security Council.
- •Translation
- •Unit II outstanding people
- •Text 1. The “Father of History”
- •Text 2. Alexander the Great and his Influence
- •Text 3. Elizabeth I.
- •Text 4. John Fitzerald Kennedy.
- •Contents
The economy of Athens
Farming was the main economic activity in Athenian society. Most citizens owned just enough land to support their families. However, some wealthy Athenians owned large estates on which slaves did most of the work. On other estates, tenant farmers worked the land. These farmers leased plots from the owner and paid rent by giving the owner part of their crops.
Until the 500s B.C., Athenians did most of their trading through barter. Using this system people exchanged one type of product, such as grain, directly for another, such as olives. As Athens became an international trading center around 600 B.C., barter became an inconvenient way to trade.
Trade in Athens became easier around 570 B.C., when the government began to make gold and silver coins. People were willing to exchange their goods for coins. In contract to the barter system, the system of trade using coins allowed the purchase of any product.
The use of coins spurred the Athenian economy, and Athens became a very wealthy city. The active trade drew many foreigners, who came to Athens to make their fortunes.
However, wealthy people in Athens usually did not hold on to their wealth for many generations. Foreigners who became wealthy usually went back to their own city-states. Wealthy citizens were expected to contribute large amounts of money to government projects. For example, they might have been asked to give money to outfit one of the navy’s ships or sponsor a religious festival.
The cost of the Athenian government was high. As a result, few families managed to stay rich for more than three generations. By then the family had used up its wealth on projects that benefited all Athenians. This system kept money flowing to citizens throughout the city-state. It also gave work to merchants and craftsmen.
Ex. 2. Translate the text into English.
Акрополь (от греч. akros – верхний, polis – город) – укрепленная часть греческого города, размещенная на холме. Известнейшим в Элладе был акрополь в Афинах. Сформировался как комплекс застроек в V в. до н.э.; самая древняя его оборонительная стена датируется II тыс. до н.э. В 480 г. до н.э. был разрушен персами, отстроен заново при Перикле в 444-429 г.г. до н.э. На его территории находились храм Ники Бескрылой, Парфенон, Эрехтейон, пинакотека (собрание картин), туда вел архитектурно оформленный вход (Пропилеи). Павсаний оставил следующее описание афинского акрополя: «В Акрополь ведет всего один вход, другого нет, потому что весь Акрополь – отвесная скала, и обнесен он крепкой стеной. Пропилеи имеют крышу из белого мрамора, и по красоте и размерам камня до сих пор нет ничего лучше… Направо от Пропилей – храм Бескрылой Победы. Здесь, с той стороны, откуда видно море, по преданию, бросился со скалы и окончил свою жизнь Эгей…»
Сегодня акрополь является историко-архитектурным заповедником Афин.
Олигархия (греч. oligarchia – власть немногих) – форма государственного управления, при которой политическое и экономическое господство осуществляет небольшая группа аристократов. Понятие о. впервые встречается у Аристотеля и Полибия при определении формы государственного строя, которая возникает в результате вырождения аристократии.
Перикл (греч. Perikles) (ок. 490 – 429 до н.э.) – полит. деятель, вождь афинской демократии в период ее наивысшего расцвета, афинский стратег 444/443 – 429 гг. Перикл был смелым и энергичным государственным деятелем, талантливым оратором и человеком независимого мышления. При нем афинская рабовладельческая демократия достигла наивысшего расцвета (введение вознаграждения за исполнение государственных должностей, выбор на эти должности граждан на народном собрании по жребию, организация общественных работ, тайное голосование, вывод клерухий). Вместе с тем был сужен круг лиц, пользовавшихся гражданскими правами: закон об афинском гражданстве 451 г. признавал гражданами лишь тех, у кого оба родителя были гражданами Афин. При П. Афины стали крупнейшим культурным центром Эллады.
Discussion
What were some of the forces that influenced the rise of civilization in ancient Greece?
Why are epic poems such as the Odyssey important sources of information about the Greek civilization?
How did democracy develop and work in Athens?
Find evidence in Unit I to disprove the following statement: in Athens everyone took part in the government.
How was the democracy in Athens similar to the democracy in our republic today? How was it different?
How were the cultures of Athens and Sparta similar? How were they different?
If you had a choice, would you rather be an Athenian or a Spartan? Why?
Why were the years of Pericles’ leadership called the Golden Age of Athens?
What were the roles of men and women in citizen family?
Summary
Summarize the information from the Unit and be ready to speak on the following points.
The beginning of Greek civilization.
The Greek city-states.
The evolution of democracy.
The Age of Pericles.