- •Белорусский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов
- •Абрамчик е.Ф., Поваляева в.Н., Турляй л.П., Козел л.А.
- •History as a Science
- •Preview
- •Text 1. Understanding History
- •Text 2. How do We Know?
- •Text 3. Examining Archaeology
- •Text 4. Museum – Source of Knowledge and Impressions
- •Polydialogue. The University-wide Open Days
- •The usefulness of archives
- •Video. Dartmoor National Park
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you view
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension tasks
- •Follow-up
- •Writing tasks
- •Finally …
- •Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
- •Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
- •Text 2. Setting the Stage for Civilization: The Origins of Food Production
- •Text 3. The Gradual Transition From Food Gathering To Food Production
- •Text 4. The Transition to a Sedentary Way of Life
- •Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
- •Unit III classical civilization. Ancient greek culture
- •Text 1. The ancient Greeks
- •Text 2. The Evolution of Democracy
- •Text 3. Sparta and Athens
- •Text 4. The Age of Pericles
- •The economy of Athens
- •Text 5. Religions and sports festivals
- •Text 6. Greek Drama
- •Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
- •The Golden age of Greek Theatre
- •The tragedy form
- •Александрия
- •Unit IV ancient rome and its socio-political development. The roman empire
- •Text 1. The Rise Of The Republic
- •Text 2. Overseas Expansion
- •Text 3. The Fall Of The Roman Republic
- •Text 4. Greece and Rome
- •The Birth of Rome
- •Text 5. The Early Empire
- •Text 6. Social Rank in the Empire
- •Text 7. The Roman Economy
- •Rich and Poor
- •Золотой век
- •Unit V rome and the christians
- •Text 1. The Early Christians
- •Text 2. Rome and the Christians
- •Text 3. The Decline of Rome
- •Text 4. The Fall Of Rome
- •The Causes of the Fall
- •Христианство
- •Unit VI the middle ages
- •Text 1. The Middle Ages. Their Classification and General Characteristics.
- •Text 2. Byzantine and Its Influence on Neighboring Countries
- •In the Field of Learning and Religion
- •Text 3. Medieval Europe
- •Text 4. The Spirit of the Renaissance
- •Features of Renaissance Art
- •Ex. 2. Translate the text into English. Феодальная система в Западной и Центральной Европе
- •Discussion
- •Text 1. Primordial Belarus – From Forest Tribes to the Decline of Polatsk
- •Text 2. The Development and Flourishing of Great Lithuania
- •Text 3. Belarus after Vitaut: its Golden Age and Decline
- •Text 4. Belarus after the Third Division of Rech Paspalitaya
- •Dialogue Travelling Broadens the Mind
- •B. Some old and Rare Books in the Francisk Skaryna Library in London
- •Part III
- •Britain
- •Preview
- •Reading Text 1. Primitive Society on the territory of the British Isles
- •The Earliest Men
- •The Celts
- •The Primitive Communal System
- •Word Check
- •Comprehension
- •Text 2. The British Empire
- •Text 3. Economic and Social Changes
- •In England in the 18th and 19th Centuries
- •Text 4. Modern Britain. Stability and Change.
- •Rich and Poor
- •Unit II american continet:
- •Its first civilizations and colonies.
- •Text 1. From Early People to Colonies.
- •Text 2. Colonization of America. War For Independence
- •Discussion
- •Text 3. Constitution. Bill of Rights.
- •Comprehension
- •Word Check
- •Ex. 2. Discuss which of them one can find in a) democratic society
- •Text 2. The European Union Read the text and say in a few words the main points of the text
- •Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
- •Security Council.
- •Translation
- •Unit II outstanding people
- •Text 1. The “Father of History”
- •Text 2. Alexander the Great and his Influence
- •Text 3. Elizabeth I.
- •Text 4. John Fitzerald Kennedy.
- •Contents
Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
Read the text and do the tasks that follow.
Like his father, Alexander had both a military genius and an appreciation for Greek culture. Alexander had learned to appreciate the accomplishments of Greek culture as a child. In fact, his father, Philip, had hired Aristotle, one of Greece’s greatest philosophers, to teach Alexander about literature, philosophy, and science. Years later, Alexander would tell people that from his father, he had received life, but from Aristotle he had learned how to lead a good life.
During Alexander’s life time, he became known as Alexander the Great. His greatness is remembered not only because he created a vast empire, but also because he spread Greek culture throughout his empire. The influence of Greek culture remained long after Alexander’s empire fell apart. The legend of Alexander remained even longer. Alexander’s life and conquests continued to be a popular topic for stories and paintings for more than a thousand years in India, Persia, and Egypt.
As Alexander conquered lands, he established colonies and built cities modeled after Greek cities in conquered lands. Alexander realized that he could not maintain control over these conquered lands with force alone. So when he and his armies moved on Alexander left behind Greeks to rule these lands.
In addition, he adopted some features of the conquered cultures. For instance, Alexander began to wear Persian clothing and urged his men to worship him as a god, as Persian kings had been. It was Alexander’s hope that by doing these things the Persian would not see Greek rule as alien. Thus they would not rebel against the Greeks. Not only did they not rebel, many people in these countries actually learned the Greek language, worshiped the Greek gods, and read the Greek literature.
Eventually, the Greek influence became so widespread that the period from Alexander’s rule to 146 B.C. became known as the Hellenistic Age. Hellenistic means “Greek-like.” The art and culture of the Hellenistic period was a mixture of Greek and Eastern art and culture. During the Hellenistic Age, Greece became the teacher of the western world in the areas of science, art, literature, and philosophy.
Most of the lands that Alexander had conquered, such as Egypt and Persia, did not give up their own cultures altogether. Instead, these countries adopted two systems of life. One system was Greek for the people who lived in the cities. The other system was a native system for the people who lived in the country and therefore were not in close contact with the Greeks.
During the Hellenistic Age, the center of Greek culture shifted from Athens to the new city of Alexandria – named after Alexander the Great. Located in Egypt, Alexandria was founded by Alexander in 332 B.C.
A magnificent museum, which was the intellectual center of the world during the Hellenistic Age, was built at Alexandria. At the museum, mathematicians, poets, philosophers, and astronomers gathered to explore the mysteries of number, words, ideas, and the heavens.
To help the scholars do their research, the museum opened a library. This library, which grew into the largest library in the ancient world, had a collection of both Greek and non-Greek scrolls. Scholars at the library translated these non-Greek scrolls into Greek. In fact, some scientists believe that the oldest manuscript of the Old Testament – still in existence today – was first translated into Greek at the great museum in Alexandria.
Besides having a huge impact on the ancient world, the museum at Alexandria influenced future generations. It remained an important intellectual center for about seven centuries, until it was destroyed in the A.D. 200s. Thus, Alexander’s conquests continued to affect the world for years after his death.
Word Check
Ex. 1. Match the words in column A with their definitions in column B
A
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B
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Ex. 2. Use the words from Ex. 1 column A in the situations from the text.
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences use the words and expression from the text.
Like his father, Alexander had both a military … and an … for Greek culture.
In fact his father, Philip, … Aristotle to teach Alexander about literature, philosophy and science.
Alexander … Greek culture throughout the empire.
The influence of Greek culture remained long after Alexander’s empire … .
Alexander … colonies and built cities … after Greek city-states.
He … some features of the conquered cultures.
Alexander … his men to worship him as a god.
It was Alexander’s hope the Persians would not see Greek rule as … .
… means Greek-like.
To help the scholars … the museum opened a library.
Scholars at the library translated these non-Greek … into Greek.
Alexander’s conquests continued … the world for years after his death.
_______________________________________________________________
Words for reference: genius, appreciation, to affect, scrolls, hired, spread, do their research, Hellenistic, alien, urged, fell apart, adopted, established, modeled.
Comprehension
Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.
In what way was Alexander like his father?
What would Alexander tell people about his father and Aristotle years later?
Why is Alexander’s greatness remembered?
How did Alexander the Great spread Greek culture throughout the ancient world?
What methods did he use to rule his empire?
What museum was the intellectual center of the world during the Hellenistic Age?
What library was the largest library in the ancient world?
Ex. 2. Speak on
The greatness of Alexander.
New Greek colonies.
The museum of Alexander.
Translation
Ex. 1. Translate the text into Russian.