- •Белорусский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов
- •Абрамчик е.Ф., Поваляева в.Н., Турляй л.П., Козел л.А.
- •History as a Science
- •Preview
- •Text 1. Understanding History
- •Text 2. How do We Know?
- •Text 3. Examining Archaeology
- •Text 4. Museum – Source of Knowledge and Impressions
- •Polydialogue. The University-wide Open Days
- •The usefulness of archives
- •Video. Dartmoor National Park
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you view
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension tasks
- •Follow-up
- •Writing tasks
- •Finally …
- •Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
- •Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
- •Text 2. Setting the Stage for Civilization: The Origins of Food Production
- •Text 3. The Gradual Transition From Food Gathering To Food Production
- •Text 4. The Transition to a Sedentary Way of Life
- •Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
- •Unit III classical civilization. Ancient greek culture
- •Text 1. The ancient Greeks
- •Text 2. The Evolution of Democracy
- •Text 3. Sparta and Athens
- •Text 4. The Age of Pericles
- •The economy of Athens
- •Text 5. Religions and sports festivals
- •Text 6. Greek Drama
- •Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
- •The Golden age of Greek Theatre
- •The tragedy form
- •Александрия
- •Unit IV ancient rome and its socio-political development. The roman empire
- •Text 1. The Rise Of The Republic
- •Text 2. Overseas Expansion
- •Text 3. The Fall Of The Roman Republic
- •Text 4. Greece and Rome
- •The Birth of Rome
- •Text 5. The Early Empire
- •Text 6. Social Rank in the Empire
- •Text 7. The Roman Economy
- •Rich and Poor
- •Золотой век
- •Unit V rome and the christians
- •Text 1. The Early Christians
- •Text 2. Rome and the Christians
- •Text 3. The Decline of Rome
- •Text 4. The Fall Of Rome
- •The Causes of the Fall
- •Христианство
- •Unit VI the middle ages
- •Text 1. The Middle Ages. Their Classification and General Characteristics.
- •Text 2. Byzantine and Its Influence on Neighboring Countries
- •In the Field of Learning and Religion
- •Text 3. Medieval Europe
- •Text 4. The Spirit of the Renaissance
- •Features of Renaissance Art
- •Ex. 2. Translate the text into English. Феодальная система в Западной и Центральной Европе
- •Discussion
- •Text 1. Primordial Belarus – From Forest Tribes to the Decline of Polatsk
- •Text 2. The Development and Flourishing of Great Lithuania
- •Text 3. Belarus after Vitaut: its Golden Age and Decline
- •Text 4. Belarus after the Third Division of Rech Paspalitaya
- •Dialogue Travelling Broadens the Mind
- •B. Some old and Rare Books in the Francisk Skaryna Library in London
- •Part III
- •Britain
- •Preview
- •Reading Text 1. Primitive Society on the territory of the British Isles
- •The Earliest Men
- •The Celts
- •The Primitive Communal System
- •Word Check
- •Comprehension
- •Text 2. The British Empire
- •Text 3. Economic and Social Changes
- •In England in the 18th and 19th Centuries
- •Text 4. Modern Britain. Stability and Change.
- •Rich and Poor
- •Unit II american continet:
- •Its first civilizations and colonies.
- •Text 1. From Early People to Colonies.
- •Text 2. Colonization of America. War For Independence
- •Discussion
- •Text 3. Constitution. Bill of Rights.
- •Comprehension
- •Word Check
- •Ex. 2. Discuss which of them one can find in a) democratic society
- •Text 2. The European Union Read the text and say in a few words the main points of the text
- •Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
- •Security Council.
- •Translation
- •Unit II outstanding people
- •Text 1. The “Father of History”
- •Text 2. Alexander the Great and his Influence
- •Text 3. Elizabeth I.
- •Text 4. John Fitzerald Kennedy.
- •Contents
Text 3. Medieval Europe
A. Read the first part of the text and do the tasks that follow.
The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Christian centuries, because during this period of European history, religion was the focus of life and the Church was the leading institution that gave Europeans a feeling of unity.
Medieval culture. The new culture that gradually developed in Europe was a blending of Germanic, Christian, and Greco-Roman elements. In the ninth century the Frankish ruler Charlemagne united much of Europe under his rule. Charlemagne’s empire spread and strengthened the new medieval culture.
Charlemagne’s heirs could not hold the empire together. Raids by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread disorder. Trade and agriculture were interrupted and whole villages were destroyed by pillage and plunder. When central governments were unable to provide securtiy, people looked to local lords for protection.
Feudalism and manorialism. The system of government and landholding that developed out of this disorder was known as feudalism. In exchange for military aid, great lords granted land to lesser lords. The noble who received the land was called a vassal. The wealth of feudal lords came from the labor of peasants. or serfs, who farmed the lords’ lands. Serfs agreed to work on the land of the lord’s estate, or manor, in exchange for his protection. In return for housing and land to work, serfs owed many services to their lords. Although the conditions of life were harsh, few serfs questioned the feudal system. They accepted their lot because they, like all other Christians in medieval times, believed that God had determined a person’s place in society.
The manor was the basic economic unit during the Middle Ages. Because opportunities for trade were very limited, manors were self-sufficient. The serfs produced not only the food but also most of the clothing, furniture, tools, and weapons they needed.
New Forces in Medieval Europe
By the middle of the eleventh century, Western Europe had entered a period of growing prosperity. Important changes in agriculture and trade were taking place. Along with these changes came the rebirth of towns and the rise of a middle class.
Economic change. The eleventh and twelfth centuries were a time of change and growth for Europe. New lands were cleared and settled, and new inventions greatly increased agricultural production. The result was a steady population growth. A larger population led to increased demand for goods and more trade. Towns grew up along trading routes and contributed to the decline of serfdom and the rise of a middle class. This new social class was made up of master artisans, merchants, and their families. These people owed nothing to a lord; their prosperity came from industry and trade. They took part in local government, and their business activities brought wealth to the town. In centuries to come, the middle class would bring about great economic, political, and intellectual changes in European life.
National unification. Economic and social change paved the way for political change. The growth of towns strengthened monarchies at the expense of local lords. England was unified soon after the Norman conquest in 1066. There lords remained powerful enough to check the power of the monarch through the Magna Carta and the growing importance of Parliament. In this way, the foundations were laid for limited monarchy – a government in which limits are set on the ruler’s powers. In France, on the other hand, unification took longer, but no checks on royal power developed. As a result, France moved toward absolute monarchy – government in which the ruler has complete power.
B. The role of the Church. The demands of the Roman Catholic Church for a role in European politics created disputes between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor and other monarchs. These disputes prevented the development of unified states in Germany and Italy. During the late Middle Ages, however, German states expanded their power eastward into the Baltic region. This expansion led to the spread of Christianity and Western culture and strengthened trade.
By the 900’s the Church faced many problems. It had lost control over the appointment of bishops, and rulers were able to control the churches and monasteries in their lands. Also, corruption and disunity in the Church led to new religious movements that went against Church teachings. The campaign against heresy (the holding of beliefs that the Church considered wrong) led to the establishment of the Inquisition – a Church court that searched for suspected heretics and put them on trial. Religious zeal also led to the establishment of the Franciscan and Dominican religious orders.
The Crusades. In 1095 Pope Urban II appealed to the lords and knights of Europe to go on a crusade to recapture the Holy Land (Palestine) from the Seljuk Turks. He hoped that this campaign would unite the Christians of Europe in a common cause and increase the area of Christian influence. A series of military campaigns, called the Crusades, followed over the next two centuries.
The Crusades ultimately failed since Palestine remained in Muslim hands. nevertheless, the Crusades had an enormous influence on life in Europe: The Crusades led to a reduction in the prestige of the Popes. They weakened feudalism as many nobles were killed in battle or lost their fortunes. Monarchs took advantage of the weakened nobility to add to their power. The Crusades also stimulated trade between Europe and the East.
Revival of learning. At the height of the Middle Ages, growing trade and town life led to a revival of interest in learning and artistic achievement. Contact with the Byzantine and Muslim civilizations gave Western scholars access to long-lost classical manuscripts. The prosperity of the middle class allowed the opening of schools and universities.
Medieval scholars depended on the Bible and Church doctrine for guidance in their studies. Some looked askance at those who studied Greek philosophy, which seemed to conflict with Christian teachings. The Scholastics, the most famous of which was Thomas Aquinas, believed that reason could be used to explain and defend Christian teachings and to reconcile them with the teachings of non-Christian thinkers.
Other medieval thinkers, influenced by Muslim advances in the sciences, took a new interest in studying nature. Medieval science was limited, however, in that its explanations included elements of superstition and folk legends.
Literature and the arts. During the late Middle Ages, a rich literature began to be written in the vernacular (local) languages. Old legends and tales of heroism were the basis for epic poems such as Beowulf. Troubadours in the courts of Europe wrote verse and songs about love. Such writers as Geoffrey Chaucer wrote of ordinary people.
The art of the Middle Ages was almost entirely religious in its themes. One of the main forms of art during this period was the cathedral. During the early Middle Ages, the main style of architecture was Romanesque, which was characterized by massive walls and rounded arches. In the late 1100’s, cathedrals began to be built in the Gothic style, which included high-arched ceilings, large windows, and soaring steeples.
Fourteenth-century crises. During the fourteenth century famine, plague, political unrest, and prolonged warfare created great changes in Europe. The power of monarchs increased, while the power and prestige of the papacy declined. Reformers called for fundamental changes in Church practices. These changes, combined with the continuing growth of towns and the emergence of the middle class, signaled that medieval times were coming to an end.
A
Ex. 1. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.
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Ex. 2. Answer the questions.
Why are the Middle Ages sometimes called the Christian centuries?
What events caused widespread disorder in Medieval Europe?
What system of government and landholding developed during that time?
What was the basic economic unit during the Middle Ages? What elements did it comprise?
How did changes in agriculture contribute to the growth of trade and town life?
What new class was to bring about great economic, political and intellectual changes in European life? What people was this new social class made up of?
What were the conditions for the national unification in Medieval Europe?
B. Read the second part of the text and do the tasks that follow.
Ex. 1. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.
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Ex. 2. Answer the questions.
Whose demands created disputes between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor and other monarchs?
What process did these disputes prevent?
How did Christianity spread eastward?
What problems did Christianity face?
How did the Crusades influence life in Europe?
What processes led to a revival of interest in learning and artistic achievements?
What kind of literature began to appear during the late Middle Ages?
What changes indicated that the medieval period in Europe was coming to an end?
Ex. 3. Support each of the following statements with facts and details. Use the following cliches to begin with or connect several ideas:
The matter is debatable but there is much to be said for the view that …; according to the sources, research …; the point is that …; however; on the other land; furthermore; besides; let alone.
The primary period in the development of feudalism is known as the Middle Ages.
The second period in the history of the Middle Ages is synonymous with the epoch of feudal development.
Christianity in the Byzantine Empire developed differently from that in Western Europe.
The Byzantine culture blended acpects of other cultures.
The manor was the basic economic unit during the early Middle Ages.
New forces and economic changes in Medieval Europe.
National unificafication.
The Crusades influenced life in Europe.
The revival of learning was caused by growing trade and town life.