- •Белорусский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов
- •Абрамчик е.Ф., Поваляева в.Н., Турляй л.П., Козел л.А.
- •History as a Science
- •Preview
- •Text 1. Understanding History
- •Text 2. How do We Know?
- •Text 3. Examining Archaeology
- •Text 4. Museum – Source of Knowledge and Impressions
- •Polydialogue. The University-wide Open Days
- •The usefulness of archives
- •Video. Dartmoor National Park
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you view
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension tasks
- •Follow-up
- •Writing tasks
- •Finally …
- •Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
- •Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
- •Text 2. Setting the Stage for Civilization: The Origins of Food Production
- •Text 3. The Gradual Transition From Food Gathering To Food Production
- •Text 4. The Transition to a Sedentary Way of Life
- •Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
- •Unit III classical civilization. Ancient greek culture
- •Text 1. The ancient Greeks
- •Text 2. The Evolution of Democracy
- •Text 3. Sparta and Athens
- •Text 4. The Age of Pericles
- •The economy of Athens
- •Text 5. Religions and sports festivals
- •Text 6. Greek Drama
- •Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
- •The Golden age of Greek Theatre
- •The tragedy form
- •Александрия
- •Unit IV ancient rome and its socio-political development. The roman empire
- •Text 1. The Rise Of The Republic
- •Text 2. Overseas Expansion
- •Text 3. The Fall Of The Roman Republic
- •Text 4. Greece and Rome
- •The Birth of Rome
- •Text 5. The Early Empire
- •Text 6. Social Rank in the Empire
- •Text 7. The Roman Economy
- •Rich and Poor
- •Золотой век
- •Unit V rome and the christians
- •Text 1. The Early Christians
- •Text 2. Rome and the Christians
- •Text 3. The Decline of Rome
- •Text 4. The Fall Of Rome
- •The Causes of the Fall
- •Христианство
- •Unit VI the middle ages
- •Text 1. The Middle Ages. Their Classification and General Characteristics.
- •Text 2. Byzantine and Its Influence on Neighboring Countries
- •In the Field of Learning and Religion
- •Text 3. Medieval Europe
- •Text 4. The Spirit of the Renaissance
- •Features of Renaissance Art
- •Ex. 2. Translate the text into English. Феодальная система в Западной и Центральной Европе
- •Discussion
- •Text 1. Primordial Belarus – From Forest Tribes to the Decline of Polatsk
- •Text 2. The Development and Flourishing of Great Lithuania
- •Text 3. Belarus after Vitaut: its Golden Age and Decline
- •Text 4. Belarus after the Third Division of Rech Paspalitaya
- •Dialogue Travelling Broadens the Mind
- •B. Some old and Rare Books in the Francisk Skaryna Library in London
- •Part III
- •Britain
- •Preview
- •Reading Text 1. Primitive Society on the territory of the British Isles
- •The Earliest Men
- •The Celts
- •The Primitive Communal System
- •Word Check
- •Comprehension
- •Text 2. The British Empire
- •Text 3. Economic and Social Changes
- •In England in the 18th and 19th Centuries
- •Text 4. Modern Britain. Stability and Change.
- •Rich and Poor
- •Unit II american continet:
- •Its first civilizations and colonies.
- •Text 1. From Early People to Colonies.
- •Text 2. Colonization of America. War For Independence
- •Discussion
- •Text 3. Constitution. Bill of Rights.
- •Comprehension
- •Word Check
- •Ex. 2. Discuss which of them one can find in a) democratic society
- •Text 2. The European Union Read the text and say in a few words the main points of the text
- •Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
- •Security Council.
- •Translation
- •Unit II outstanding people
- •Text 1. The “Father of History”
- •Text 2. Alexander the Great and his Influence
- •Text 3. Elizabeth I.
- •Text 4. John Fitzerald Kennedy.
- •Contents
The usefulness of archives
Recorded information is everywhere in modern society. Individual documents, texts produced on typewriters, still photographs, moving picture images on film and videotape, sound recordings-all these various forms of information surround us. Recording information and finding ways to keep and use it for long periods of time are very old problems for human culture. In its more or less insatiable desire to gather, comprehend and utilize data, humanity has long sought means to fix knowledge in such a way that it can be called back to mind when necessary or desirable. Society at large uses archives and the information they contain. Large numbers of people with a great range of interests seek information from archival records. Many archival records are useful because they are a source of personal individual identity. Birth records or church baptismal and membership records are used to demonstrate citizenship or eligibility for social security and medicare benefits. Archival records are used by countless family historians and genealogists. This is not just frivolous hobby, such users of archives are engaged in the important psychological task of anchoring themselves and their family in time, setting a fixed and reliable context for themselves in an increasingly fluid, changeable world.
Using archives also brings larger societal benefits. Medical researchers use archival records to trace the symptoms and patterns of disease in their search for treatment and cure. Scientific researchers use climatic records in weather prediction.
Corporate bodies, too, derive benefits from the usefulness of their archives. Legal requirements and administration demand control over such documentation as contracts and financial data. Economic motives are essential source of records. Acquiring, managing and spending money produce large quantities of recorded data which is useful in providing a picture of economic health. Such records are necessary in accounting for one’s own funds as well as for money held in trust for others for particular reasons. Hiring, firing, paying and evaluating workers create records that are important to employer and employee alike, both in normal times and whenever problems arise.
Those who search the past for understanding the present find in archives the raw materials with which to construct their narratives and analyses. Indeed, most researchers are guided by the slogan they learn early in their training: “no archives, no history”.
Archives are useful because they inform, entertain enlighten and educate.
Many archives actively plan and implement educational programs for senior citizens and for school students. Archival records help senior citizens relive their own experiences and tell the stories of their lives to others. Those same records help young people reach back beyond the extent of their own personal memory.
Anniversary celebrations of churches, social clubs, schools, neighbourhoods and towns are all enriched by drawing on archival sources: original letters, photographs, reminiscences and other records. When individuals make contact with such archival sources-not only the information they contain, but also the “real things”, letters and diaries written by real people-they transcend the bounds of time and realize in direct and personal ways that they are part of a larger whole.
Archivists are charged with the responsibility to preserve records for the indefinite future. This responsibility requires that archivists employ certain safeguards to ensure that the records in their care will survive, including establishing and enforcing procedures that will guarantee the physical survival and integrity of the records. This also implies the responsibility to organize the records in a coherent and understandable way. All these activities are carried out to serve the purpose of making the records usable. Archivists are preservers of information.
Archivists make the records available to those who seek information-whether in person, by mail, by telephone or perhaps by electronic mail or fax machine. The archivist explains and enforces any restrictions on access to the records, while at the same time publicizing information about the archives and actively reaching out to a wide public audience through exhibits as well as educational and other public programs. Many changes affected the way records were made, how they were used, and ultimately what they meant. The nature of recorded information has evolved substantially since mankind first began to write things down rather than simply try to remember them. Today the amount of recorded information is vast and growing inexorably more so. To keep this quantity in perspective is a significant task of archives. Understanding the nature and characteristics of recorded information is essential for anyone who records, keeps or uses – that is to say, for every one.
Ex. 2. Translate into English.
A. В начале XX века выдающийся русский археолог В.А. Городцов на Северном Донце (in the Northern Donets basin) вел раскопки курганов (barrows), большинство из которых относились к эпохе меди-бронзы (to the Copper-Bronze Age). Городцов заметил, что наиболее древние погребения располагались в простых ямах (pits) – в так называемых катакомбах (“catacombs”; наиболее поздние находились в деревянных срубах (in timber – framed structures).
Взяв за основу эти три типа погребальных сооружений (tomb construction), В.А. Городцов выделил три археологические культуры: ямную, катакомбную и срубную. При этом было замечено, что каждому типу соответствуют определенная поза захороненного и разные вещи, положенные в могилу. Особенно явно различалась керамика.
Благодаря работам исследователей удалось установить территорию, которую занимали племена каждой из культур, выяснить время их существования, изучить хозяйство и быт, познакомиться с произведениями древнего искусства.
B. C момента первой публикации в 1964 г. книга лорда Тейлора «Микенцы» (“The Mycenaens”) зарекомендовала себя (has established itself) как лучшая исследовательская работа в области археологии о микенцах. В книге рассматриваются великие открытия, сделанные Шлиманом и его последователями в цитаделях Микен (Mycenae), Тиринфе (Tiryns), Пилосе (Pyloc), подтверждающие, что рассказ Гомера о Троянской войне не сказка, а быль. В книге рассматриваются и произведения искусства, проливающие свет на блестящую цивилизацию; и, прежде всего, книга охватывает историю подъема и падения в течение 400 лет этой великой цивилизации, которая оставила свой отпечаток на бронзовом веке Средиземноморья и завещала (bequeathed) свое наследие грекам классического периода.