- •Хакасский государственный университет
- •Part II Texts for Supplementary Reading
- •Предисловие
- •The main parts of the computer
- •Using a mouse
- •Lesson 2
- •Word-building (словообразование) (1)
- •Keyboard
- •Windows program keyboard shortcuts
- •Lesson 3
- •Buses and interfaces
- •Word-building (2)
- •Lesson 4
- •Structure (phrases)
- •A) “hardware”
- •B) “data”
- •Lesson 5
- •What is a microprocessor?
- •Pentium, pentium pro, pentium II and pentium III
- •Lesson 6
- •Word-building (3)
- •Lesson 7
- •General dram concepts
- •Structure ( 2)
- •Lesson 8
- •Storage media
- •Word-building (4)
- •Incompatible, unrecoverable, unavailable, unusable, unsuitable, non-removable, non-contiguous, non-volatile.
- •Structure (3)
- •Lesson 9
- •«Ware» terms
- •Section II. Software lesson 10
- •Structure (4) Ex.2 a) Read the sentences and analyze their structure:
- •Programming language generations
- •Lesson 11
- •Word-building (5)
- •What is object-oriented software?
- •Inheritance
- •Object-oriented languages
- •Lesson 12
- •General operating system concepts
- •Wysiwyg – structure (5)
- •Imperative sentences (commands and instructions) :
- •Starting and quitting windows nt
- •2.Using the desktop
- •Ex.5 Translate into English:
- •Ex.6 Say a few words about:
- •Revision (sructure)
- •Lesson 14
- •Ex.3 Translate into English:
- •Config.Sys commands
- •Ex.6 Agree or disagree:
- •Lesson 15
- •Ex.1 Translate the following technologies into Russian:
- •Ex.2 a) Read and translate into Russian:
- •Ex.5 Read and translate into Russian: operating system overview
- •Operating systems and file systems
- •Lesson 16
- •General database concepts
- •Ex.4 Choose the right synonym to the word ‘query’: a) requirement; b) retrieval; c) request.
- •Section III. Networking lesson 17
- •What is a network?
- •How are networks categorized?
- •How does p2p work?
- •Information transmission media
- •Lesson 18
- •Computing network components
- •Ex.10 Read and translate into Russian:
- •Ex.11 Translate into English:
- •Lesson 19
- •The internet
- •Internet protocols
- •Surfing The Net. By Shirley.
- •Lesson 20
- •Basic security and licensing terms
- •How bytes and bits work
- •System case
- •How pci works
- •Motherboard and system devices
- •Graphics adapter
- •How it works
- •System cache
- •Ethernet
- •Traditional ethernet
- •Fast ethernet
- •Gigabit ethernet
- •How a computer virus works
- •General virus types
- •All maliicous codes aren’t viruses
- •Intel software license agreement (Final, Single User) (abstract)
- •Glossary
- •Defragment
- •Device Driver
- •Formatting
- •Operating system
- •Plug-n-Play
- •Program
- •Vesa Local Bus
- •Virtual Memory
- •It Crossword Puzzle
- •Answer keys
- •It Crossword Puzzle
- •List of acronyms and abbreviations
- •1. Terms used in computer field
- •2. Basic abbreviations used in scientific field
- •3.Irregular verbs
- •Bibliography Основная литература
- •Справочная литература
Lesson 6
Text. Memory.
Word-building. The -able, -ible suffixes.
Ex.1 Give the full form of the following abbreviation:
CPU
RAM
ROM
DRAM
SRAM
RISC
CISC
EPIC
MMX
SIMD
SPARC
MFLOPS
Ex.2 Choose the right variant:
response a) ответ, отклик, b) устройство, c) набор, d) поток
execution a) расширение, b) улучшение, c) сочетание, d) выполнение
explicit a) масштабируемый, b) выполняемый, c) истинный, d) тактовый
circuit a) скорость, b) cхема, с) частота, d) такт
dimension a) размерность, b) размер, c) измерение,d) метка
level a) слой, b) связь, c) уровень, d) набор
performance a) распознавание, b) частота, c) синхронизация, d) быстродействие
Ex.3 Choose the right variant:
поток a) scale, b) circuit, b) stream, d) strength
скорость a) stream, b) clock, c) set, d) speed
свойство a) feature, b) future, c) floating, d) feather
изображение a) imagination, b) imitation, c) improvement, d) image
распознавание a) recognition, b) reflection, c) reduction, d) reception
множественный a) multiplication, b) multiply, c) multitude, d) multiple
масштабируемый a) scarce, b) scalable, c) single, c) compatible, d) available
Ex.4 Translate into English:
Микропроцессор представляет собой интегральную схему, степень интеграции которой определяется размером кристалла и количеством реализованных в нем транзисторов.
С внешними устройствами микропроцессор может общаться благодаря своим шинам адреса, данных и управления.
AMD выпускала процессоры Am486DX/DX2, используя для этого доработанную и улучшенную технологию, лицензированную у Intel.
Компания AMD имеет богатый опыт производства x86-совместимых процессоров.
Процессоры четвертого поколения Am486DX/DX2 с тактовыми частотами 33, 40/66 и 80 МГц имели размер кэш-памяти первого уровня 8 Кбайт.
Первоначально микропроцессор i8088 работал с частотой 4,77 МГц и имел быстродействие около 0,33 млн. инструкций в секунду (MIPS).
Word-building (3)
Ex.5 a) Read and translate the following words and pay attention to the suffixes –able, -ible. Analyze the meaning of these suffixes.
usable
compatible
scalable
executable
accessible
sharable
b) Choose the right variant, put down the rule into your copybooks:
Суффиксы …, …,указывают на принадлежность слова к:
а)прилагательному; б)существительному; в)наречию
и имеют значение:
а) способный к чему-либо,
б) характеризующийся чем-либо,
в) имеющий какое-либо свойство.
с) Translate the following words basing on their stem-forms, memorize them:
(to) boot – загружать(ся) bootable
(to)suit– подходить, соответствовоатьsuitable
(to) remove – перемещать, удалять removable
(to) recover - восстанавливать recoverable
(to) avail – иметься в наличии available
(to) extend – расширять extensible
d) Translate into English:
Перемещаемый, расширяемый, доступный, разделять/совместно использовать, удалять, подходить/соответствовать, загружаемый, масштабируемый, совместимый, исполняемый, используемый.
Ex.6 Read and memorize the following abbreviation:
FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) – динамическая память с быстрым страничным доступом
EDO (Extended Data Out) – расширенное время удержания данных на выходе
BEDO (Burst [bƏ:st] EDO) – EDO с блочным устройством
SDRAM (SyncHronous [´sıŋkrƏnƏs] DRAM) – синхронная динамическая память
PB SRAM (Pipelined [´paıplaınd] Burst SRAM) – статическая память с блочным конвейерным доступом
DIP (Dual [dju(:)Əl] In Line Package) – корпус с двумя рядами выводов
SIP (Single In Line Package) - корпус с одним рядом выводов
SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module [´mƆdjul]) – модуль памяти с одним рядом контактов
DIMM (Dual In Line Memory Module) - модуль памяти с двумя рядами контактов
CELP (Card Edge [edʒ] Low Profile) – невысокая карта с ножевым разъемом на краю
Ex.7 Translate into English:
Корпус/пакет, данные на выходе, конвейерный, модуль, пакет/блок, быстрый, страница, двойной, фронт/край.
Ex.8 Read and memorize the following words:
(to) need [ni:d] – нуждаться , требоваться
temporary[´tempƏrƏrı]- временный
permanent [´pƏ:mƏnƏnt] - постоянный
(to) lose (lost, lost) [lu:z, (lɔst, lɔst)] - терять
content(s) [´kɔntƏnt(s)] - содержание, содержимое
volatile [´vɔlƏtaıl]– энергозависмый, непостоянный, временный
non-volatile - энергонезависимый
firmware[´fƏ:mwεƏ] - программно-аппаратные средства; встроенные программы, микропрограммы
capacitor [kƏ´pæsıtƏ] - конденсатор
(to) require [re´kwaıƏ] - требовать
(to) refresh [rı´freʃ] - обновлять (отображаемую) информацию, регенерировать, восстанавливать
circuitry [´sƏ:kju:trı] – схемы, цепи, компоновка схем
constant [´kɔnstƏnt] - постоянный
supply [sƏ´plaı] - подача, питание
non-contiguous [ˏnɔnkƏn´tıɡjuƏs]- сопутствующий, не связанный
(to) eliminate [ı´lımıneıt] - устранять
setup [´setʌp] - установка
(to) add [æd] - добавлять
pin [pın] - вывод; контакт
storage [´stɔrıdʒ] – запоминание, память, устройство памяти
Ex.9 Read and translate the main memory concepts:
MEMORY
Memory: - Also called main memory. The working space used by the computer to hold the program that is currently running, along with the data it needs, and to run programs and process data. The main memory is built from RAM chips. Main memory is temporary, and is lost when the computer is turned off. Cache memory: - A high-speed buffer storage that is smaller than the main storage. The cache memory is a place that temporarily stores instructions and data. Volatile memory : - Memory that loses its content when the power is shut off. Any changes made to files must be saved to disk before the power is turned off or they will be lost.
Non-volatile memory or nonvolatile memory:- Memory that does not lose its content when the power is turned off.
Random access memory: - The kind of memory used for holding programs and data being executed is called random access memory or RAM. RAM differs from read-only memory (ROM) in that it can be both read and written. It is called volatile storage because the contents of RAM are lost when the power is turned off. RAM is also sometimes called read-write memory or RWM.
Read-only memory: - Memory that can be read but not changed. Read-only memory is non-volatile storage; it holds its contents even when the power is turned off. Data is placed in ROM only once, and stays there permanently. ROM chips are used for storage of the important software of the computer, called firmware.
Dynamic random access memory: - (DRAM).A type of computer memory that is stored in capacitors on a chip and requires a refresh signal to be sent to it periodically.
Static random access memory: - (SRAM). A kind of random access memory that requires a constant supply of power in order to hold its content, but does not require refresh circuitry as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) does. Static RAM is usually faster than dynamic RAM, but takes up more space and uses more power. It is used for the parts of a computer that require highest speed, such as cache memory. Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory: - (SDRAM). High-speed DRAM that adds a separate clock signal to the control signals. SDRAM can transfer bursts of non-contiguous data at 100 MBytes/sec, and has an access time of 8-12 nanoseconds. It comes in 64-bit modules: long 168-pin DIMMs. Fast page mode memory: - A kind of DRAM memory. Fast page mode improved upon the original page mode memory by eliminating the column address setup time during the page cycle.
Ex.10 a) Give English definitions of the following concepts:
Random Access Memory
Read-Only Memory
b) Compare RAM and ROM, DRAM and SRAM. Use the following words and word-combinations:
(to) read
(to) write
(to) change
(non)volatile storage
(to) lose
contents
(to) turn off
permanent
temporary
fast/slow
(to) use more/less power
(to) take up more /less space