- •Хакасский государственный университет
- •Part II Texts for Supplementary Reading
- •Предисловие
- •The main parts of the computer
- •Using a mouse
- •Lesson 2
- •Word-building (словообразование) (1)
- •Keyboard
- •Windows program keyboard shortcuts
- •Lesson 3
- •Buses and interfaces
- •Word-building (2)
- •Lesson 4
- •Structure (phrases)
- •A) “hardware”
- •B) “data”
- •Lesson 5
- •What is a microprocessor?
- •Pentium, pentium pro, pentium II and pentium III
- •Lesson 6
- •Word-building (3)
- •Lesson 7
- •General dram concepts
- •Structure ( 2)
- •Lesson 8
- •Storage media
- •Word-building (4)
- •Incompatible, unrecoverable, unavailable, unusable, unsuitable, non-removable, non-contiguous, non-volatile.
- •Structure (3)
- •Lesson 9
- •«Ware» terms
- •Section II. Software lesson 10
- •Structure (4) Ex.2 a) Read the sentences and analyze their structure:
- •Programming language generations
- •Lesson 11
- •Word-building (5)
- •What is object-oriented software?
- •Inheritance
- •Object-oriented languages
- •Lesson 12
- •General operating system concepts
- •Wysiwyg – structure (5)
- •Imperative sentences (commands and instructions) :
- •Starting and quitting windows nt
- •2.Using the desktop
- •Ex.5 Translate into English:
- •Ex.6 Say a few words about:
- •Revision (sructure)
- •Lesson 14
- •Ex.3 Translate into English:
- •Config.Sys commands
- •Ex.6 Agree or disagree:
- •Lesson 15
- •Ex.1 Translate the following technologies into Russian:
- •Ex.2 a) Read and translate into Russian:
- •Ex.5 Read and translate into Russian: operating system overview
- •Operating systems and file systems
- •Lesson 16
- •General database concepts
- •Ex.4 Choose the right synonym to the word ‘query’: a) requirement; b) retrieval; c) request.
- •Section III. Networking lesson 17
- •What is a network?
- •How are networks categorized?
- •How does p2p work?
- •Information transmission media
- •Lesson 18
- •Computing network components
- •Ex.10 Read and translate into Russian:
- •Ex.11 Translate into English:
- •Lesson 19
- •The internet
- •Internet protocols
- •Surfing The Net. By Shirley.
- •Lesson 20
- •Basic security and licensing terms
- •How bytes and bits work
- •System case
- •How pci works
- •Motherboard and system devices
- •Graphics adapter
- •How it works
- •System cache
- •Ethernet
- •Traditional ethernet
- •Fast ethernet
- •Gigabit ethernet
- •How a computer virus works
- •General virus types
- •All maliicous codes aren’t viruses
- •Intel software license agreement (Final, Single User) (abstract)
- •Glossary
- •Defragment
- •Device Driver
- •Formatting
- •Operating system
- •Plug-n-Play
- •Program
- •Vesa Local Bus
- •Virtual Memory
- •It Crossword Puzzle
- •Answer keys
- •It Crossword Puzzle
- •List of acronyms and abbreviations
- •1. Terms used in computer field
- •2. Basic abbreviations used in scientific field
- •3.Irregular verbs
- •Bibliography Основная литература
- •Справочная литература
Section II. Software lesson 10
Text A. Programming Language Generations.
Text B. Terms.
Structure. Simple Tenses in the Passive Voice.
Ex.1 Read and memorize the following words:
(to) convert [kƏn´vƏ:t] – преобразовывать, конвертировать
output [´autput] – выход, вывод, выходной, выходные данные
(to) envision [ın´vıʒƏn] – представлять себе, воображать
hierarchy [´haıƏra:kı] – иерархия
icon [´aık(Ə)n] – иконка, значок, пиктограмма
(to) assemble [Ə´sembl] – собирать, составлять
(to) reduce [ri´dju:s]– сокращать, приводить
particular [pƏ´tıkjulƏ] – определенный, особенный
statement [´steıtmƏnt] – утверждение; высказывание; оператор; предложение, постановка
appropriate [Ə´prɔprııt] - соответствующий
source [sɔ:s] – источник, исходный
virtual [´vƏ:tjuƏl, ´vƏ:ʧuƏl ] – виртуальный
editor [´edıtƏ] – редактор
binary [´baınƏrı, ´bınƏrı] – двоичный
digit [´dıʤıt] – цифра, число, разряд
Structure (4) Ex.2 a) Read the sentences and analyze their structure:
These abbreviations are used to represent main steps or "generations" in the history of programming languages.
In Java the output is called bytecode.
4GL is designed to be closer to natural language than a 3GL language.
Languages for accessing databases are often described as 4GLs.
Today, assembler programming is used only where very efficient control over processor operations is needed.
The Passive Voice:
Data |
is |
lost |
Данные |
потерянны | |
Что? |
Что с данными сделано? | |
Подлежащее |
Сказуемое | |
Объект над которым совершено действие |
Действие, которое совершено |
Note: in computer messages the auxiliary verbs are often omitted:
e.g. Data is lost = Data lost.
The basic form of the Passive Voice:
to be + Ved(VIII) |
the Present Tense – am/is/are loaded, found
the Past Tense – was/were loaded, found
the Future Tense – shall/will be loaded, found
b) Pay attention to the following sentences:
Historically, most programs have been written in "higher-level" languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and C.
C is a structured, procedural programming language that has been widely used both for operating systems and applications.
C is being quickly replaced as the programming language by C++.
Java can be used to create complete applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a network.
Using a language that comes with a virtual machine for each platform, your source language statements need to be compiled only once and will then run on any platform.
c) Change the sentences into the Passive Voice:
A programmer writes language statements.
The program processes the source code.
An assembler converts the assembler language statements into machine language.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer executes elementary instructions.
Most languages share many functional features.
d) Translate into English:
Последовательность нулей и единиц иногда называется машинным кодом.
PL/I был разработан в начале 1960-х (in the early 1960s) как альтернатива ассемблеру.
“Виртуальная машина” используется для обозначения либо операционной системы либо любой программы, которая запускает компьютер.
LISP был создан для работы над проблемами искусственного интеллекта (artificial intelligence).
Программы на языке Ассемблера выполняются быстрее, чем программы тех же задач, написанные на других языках.
Ex.3 Read and translate into Russian: