The internet

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It was developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969. The original goal was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research computers at other universities.

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, the Internet uses a set of protocols called TCP/IP. Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.

The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). It is the leading information retrieval service of the Internet. The Web gives users access to a vast array of documents that are connected to each other by means of hypertext or hypermedia links – i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connections that link related pieces of information in order to allow a user easy access to them. In most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different color than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase.

A hypertext document with its corresponding text and hyperlinks is written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and is assigned an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web browsing (or surfing) is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer.

Ex.7 Restore the words:

r - tr - - val
a - r - -
a - - es –
ass - - n
res - - r - e
pe - - iss - - -
- eve - - p
s - - ec -
ma - - u -
br - - s - r

Ex. 8 Answer the following questions:

What is the Internet?
When was it developed?
What does the Internet use (technically and physically)?
What does the Web give the user access to?
What can you say about a hypertext document with its corresponding text and hyperlinks?

Ex.9 Read and translate into Russian. Correct the mistakes (15).

Internet protocols

In infomation technology, a protocol is the special set of rule that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicates. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. There are hardware telefone protocols. There is protocols between each of several functional layers and the corresponding layers at the other end of a communication. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard. Protocols are commonly agreed on by industry wide committees such like the IEIE.

Protocol usually specifys:

the format of the messeges.
how to handle errors.

In order to simplify the design and implementation of protocols, developers decided to create a set of protocols, where each protocol is responsible for one of the forms of communicate. The set of protocols is call a Protocol Suite.

On the Internet, there are the TCP/IP protocols, consisting of:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet paints at the level information packet.
Intranet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules for send and receive messages at the Internet address level.

Additional protocols that are usually packaged with TCP/IP, including the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each with defined sets of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the Internet.

Ex. 10 Make up a story. Fill in any words you like more.

adjective