- •Хакасский государственный университет
- •Part II Texts for Supplementary Reading
- •Предисловие
- •The main parts of the computer
- •Using a mouse
- •Lesson 2
- •Word-building (словообразование) (1)
- •Keyboard
- •Windows program keyboard shortcuts
- •Lesson 3
- •Buses and interfaces
- •Word-building (2)
- •Lesson 4
- •Structure (phrases)
- •A) “hardware”
- •B) “data”
- •Lesson 5
- •What is a microprocessor?
- •Pentium, pentium pro, pentium II and pentium III
- •Lesson 6
- •Word-building (3)
- •Lesson 7
- •General dram concepts
- •Structure ( 2)
- •Lesson 8
- •Storage media
- •Word-building (4)
- •Incompatible, unrecoverable, unavailable, unusable, unsuitable, non-removable, non-contiguous, non-volatile.
- •Structure (3)
- •Lesson 9
- •«Ware» terms
- •Section II. Software lesson 10
- •Structure (4) Ex.2 a) Read the sentences and analyze their structure:
- •Programming language generations
- •Lesson 11
- •Word-building (5)
- •What is object-oriented software?
- •Inheritance
- •Object-oriented languages
- •Lesson 12
- •General operating system concepts
- •Wysiwyg – structure (5)
- •Imperative sentences (commands and instructions) :
- •Starting and quitting windows nt
- •2.Using the desktop
- •Ex.5 Translate into English:
- •Ex.6 Say a few words about:
- •Revision (sructure)
- •Lesson 14
- •Ex.3 Translate into English:
- •Config.Sys commands
- •Ex.6 Agree or disagree:
- •Lesson 15
- •Ex.1 Translate the following technologies into Russian:
- •Ex.2 a) Read and translate into Russian:
- •Ex.5 Read and translate into Russian: operating system overview
- •Operating systems and file systems
- •Lesson 16
- •General database concepts
- •Ex.4 Choose the right synonym to the word ‘query’: a) requirement; b) retrieval; c) request.
- •Section III. Networking lesson 17
- •What is a network?
- •How are networks categorized?
- •How does p2p work?
- •Information transmission media
- •Lesson 18
- •Computing network components
- •Ex.10 Read and translate into Russian:
- •Ex.11 Translate into English:
- •Lesson 19
- •The internet
- •Internet protocols
- •Surfing The Net. By Shirley.
- •Lesson 20
- •Basic security and licensing terms
- •How bytes and bits work
- •System case
- •How pci works
- •Motherboard and system devices
- •Graphics adapter
- •How it works
- •System cache
- •Ethernet
- •Traditional ethernet
- •Fast ethernet
- •Gigabit ethernet
- •How a computer virus works
- •General virus types
- •All maliicous codes aren’t viruses
- •Intel software license agreement (Final, Single User) (abstract)
- •Glossary
- •Defragment
- •Device Driver
- •Formatting
- •Operating system
- •Plug-n-Play
- •Program
- •Vesa Local Bus
- •Virtual Memory
- •It Crossword Puzzle
- •Answer keys
- •It Crossword Puzzle
- •List of acronyms and abbreviations
- •1. Terms used in computer field
- •2. Basic abbreviations used in scientific field
- •3.Irregular verbs
- •Bibliography Основная литература
- •Справочная литература
Object-oriented languages
There are many object-oriented programming languages in use today. But the leading commercial o-o languages are the following:
C++
Smalltalk
Java
C++
C++ is an object-oriented version of C. It is compatible with C, so that existing C code can be incorporated into C++ programs. C++ programs are fast and efficient, but it loses some flexibility in order (чтобы, для того чтобы) to remain efficient. C++ uses compile-time binding.
C++ is one of the most popular programming language for graphical applications, such as those that run in Windows and Macintosh environments.
Smalltalk
Smalltalk is a programming language that was designed to support the concepts of object-oriented programming. Unlike C++, Smalltalk was not built on the syntax of a procedural language; it is a "pure" object-oriented language.
Smalltalk uses run-time binding. Its programs are faster to develop than C++ programs. A rich class library can be easily reused via inheritance.
Java
Java is a programming language designed for use in the distributed environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the "look and feel" of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++. Java can be used to create complete applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a network. It can also be used to build a small application module or applet for use as part of a Web page. Applets make it possible for a Web page user to interact with the page.
Ex.9 Give a short summary of the text.
Ex.10 Enumerate programming languages you know.
Lesson 12
Text. General Operating System Concepts.
Structure. Imperative Sentences.
Ex 1. Read and memorize the following words:
multitasking [´mʌltı´ta:skıŋ] – многозадачный, многозадачность
(to) attach [Ə´tæʧ] – присоединять, прикреплять
dial-up [´daıƏl ´ʌp] – коммутируемый, удаленный
(to) occur [Ə´kƏ:] – происходить, иметь место
(to) offload [´ɔ(:)flƏud] – сбрасывать, разгружать
batch [bæʧ] – пакет, блок; пакетный, командный
shell [ʃel] - оболочка
kernel [´kƏ:nƏl] - ядро
unique [ju:´ni:k] – уникальный, единственный
(to) keep (kept,kept) [ki:p (kept,kept)] – хранить, держать
to keep track –отслеживать, следить
extension [ıks´tenʃ(Ə)n] - расширение
ability [Ə´bılıtı] - способность
(to) describe [dıs´kraıb] – описывать
(to) handle [hændl] – манипулировать, обрабатывать
layout [´leıaut] – компоновка, расположение
abbreviate[Ə´bri:vıeıt]- сокращать
internal[ın´tƏ:nl]-внутренний
initiate[ı´nıʃıeıt] – вводить, знакомить, начинать
major[´meıʤƏ] – основной,главный
particular[pƏ´tıkjulƏ] – определенный, особый
Ex 2. Read and translate into Russian:
General operating system concepts
1. An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications. The applications use the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface. In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through an interface such as a command language. An operating system performs these services for applications. In multitasking operating systems where multiple programs can be running at the same time, the operating system determines which applications should run in what order and how much time should be allowed for each application before giving another application a turn. It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications. It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports. It sends messages to the applications or interactive user (or to a system operator) about the status of operation and any errors that may have occurred. It can offload the management of what are called batch jobs (for example, printing) so that the initiating application is freed from this work. On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can manage how to divide the program so that it runs on more than one processor at a time. All major computer platforms (hardware and software) require and sometimes include an operating system.
2. A shell is a software interface between the user and the computer's operating system. The shell interprets commands entered by the user, and passes them on to the operating system. DOS shells are COMMAND.COM and DOS shell; some UNIX shells are the Bourne shell (sh), the C shell (csh), and the Korn shell (ksh).
3. A file is a set of data available to system users. The file must have a unique name within its own directory. Some operating systems and applications describe files with given formats by giving them a particular file name suffix. (The file name suffix is also known as a file name extension.) For example, a program or executable file is sometimes given or required to have an ".exe" suffix.
4. A directory is a collection of files with a name, or a special area on your hard disk drive.
5. Multitasking is allowing a user to perform more than one computer task at a time. The operating system is able to keep track of where you are in these tasks and go from one to the other without losing information.
6. What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG). It is the ability of a computer to present an image of a page layout or graphic on its screen that shows how the actual page will look like when it comes out of the printer.
Ex.3 Enumerate the main functions of an operating system.
Ex.4 Restore the words:
a - -l- -ation
ba - ch
- - ovi - e
r - q - - st
- nte - n - l
re - - ire
m - - s - ge
- an - le
in - e - - c - ive
Ex.5 Make up derivatives:
e.g. to communicate – communication
to divide
to interact
to describe
Ex.6 Make up derivatives:
e.g. operation – to operate
extension
collection
addition
Ex.7 Make up words:
e.g. lief = file
wrehrada
lehls
necres
meiga
tsmyes
geap
Ex. 8 Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice:
The applications use the operating system.
An operating system manages the sharing of internal memory.
The shell interprets commands.
Ex.9 Choose the right definition:
shell , multitasking, operating system, directory, file;
__________ is the program that manages all the other programs in a computer.
__________ is a software interface between the user and the computer's operating system.
3. __________ is a set of data available to system users.
4. __________ is a collection of files with a name, or a special area on your hard disk drive.
5. __________ is allowing a user to perform more than one computer task at a time.
Ex.10 Fill in the necessary prepositions:
The applications use the operating system ___ making requests for services ___ a defined application program interface.
In multitasking operating systems where multiple programs can be running ___ the same time, the operating system determines which applications should run ___ what order and how much time should be allowed for each application ___ giving another application a turn.
It manages the sharing of internal memory ___ multiple applications.
It handles input and output ___ and ___ attached hardware devices, such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports.
A shell is a software interface ___ the user and the computer's operating system.
The shell interprets commands entered ___ the user, and passes them on to the operating system.
The operating system is able to go from one to the other tasks ___ losing information.
Ex.11 Make up a sentence of your own using as many words as you can:
Requests, a (an interactive) user, a set of, parallel processing, internal memory, batch jobs, applications, dial-up ports, commands, computer platforms.
Ex.12 Give the full form of the abbreviation: