36

Expressing additional information

Mandarin uses the following expressions to provide additional information.

36.1yL ‘also’

yl is an adverb and is always followed by a [prepositional phrase +] verb or verb phrase.

yl can be used to introduce additional information about the subject of the sentence.

!"#$%&!'#$!"#$%&!'#$

Zhpng Mlilì xué Yrngwén. Tp yl xué Rìwén.

Zhang Meili studies English. She also studies Japanese.

yl can be used to indicate that two different subjects share similar characteristics or perform the same action.

!"#$%%&!"#!"#$%%&!"#

Zhpng Mlilì hln gpo. Tp mèimei yl hln gpo.

Zhang Meili is very tall. Her younger sister is also very tall.

!"#$%&&'!"#$!"#$%&&'!"#$

Zhpng Mlilì xué Yrngwén. Tp mèimei yl xué Yrngwén.

Zhang Meili studies English. Her younger sister also studies English.

Í15.2.1

36.2/ hái ‘in addition, also’

/ hái is an adverb and is always followed by a [prepositional phrase +] verb or verb phrase. / hái overlaps in meaning with yl, but they are not identical in function. yl introduces any kind of new information. / hái only introduces new actions or situations.

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EXPRESSING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

36.5

/ hái can be used to introduce additional actions performed by the subject.

!"#$ %"&!"#$ %"&

Tp yào xué Zhsngwén, hái yào xué Rìwén.

He wants to study Chinese, (and) he also wants to study Japanese.

!"#$ %&'!"#$ %&'

Tp mki le zìdikn, hái mki le blnzi.

She bought a dictionary, (and she) also bought notebooks.

/ hái is also used to indicate the continuation of a situation.

!"#!"#

Tp hái zài zhèr.

He is still here.

Í15.2.3, 35.2.2

36.3/ hái yNu ‘in addition’

/ hái ynu begins a new sentence or clause. It introduces additional information related to the topic of the conversation.

!"#$%&'()*+,-%!"#$%&'()*+,-%

Bié wàng le míngtipn kko shì. Hái ynu, kéym yòng zìdikn.

Don’t forget we have a test tomorrow. In addition, you can use a dictionary.

36.4/ bìngqiL ‘moreover’

/ bìngqil begins a new sentence and provides additional information to support a preceding statement.

!"#$%&'()*+,-./01,!"#$%&'()*+,-./01,

Wn juéde nàge diànymng de gùshì méi ynu yìsi. Bìngqil, tài cháng.

I think that movie’s story wasn’t interesting. Moreover, it was too long.

36.5/ zài shuS ‘besides, moreover, to put it another way’

zài shus begins a new sentence and presents information that continues and clarifies information presented in the preceding sentence.

!"#$%&'()*+,-./012*$3(!"#$%&'()*+,-./012*$3(

Wnmen hln xmhuan qù Zhsngguó luxíng. Zài shus zài nàr yl kéym liànxí shus Zhsngwén.

We like to go to China to travel. Moreover, we can practice speaking Chinese there.

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36.6

36.7

Í

Í

36.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .búdàn érqiL ‘not only but also ’

36.8

ér ‘and, but’

ér joins adjectival verbs and introduces additional though contrasting informa-

tion. It is literary in usage.

!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%&'()*+,

Bàn ào yùn shì yr gè jipnxrn ér gupngróng de rènwu.

Organizing the Olympics is a difficult but prestigious responsibility.

hé and gQn ‘and’

hé and gqn are conjunctions, and they are identical in meaning. They join

nouns or noun phrases.

!"

Gqge hé dìdi dsu hln xiàng bàba.

Older brother and younger brother both resemble dad.

For more on these and related conjunctions, see

16.1

gqn is also a preposition.

14

. . . . . . búdàn . . . érqiL . . .

‘not only . . . but also . . .’

This expression introduces related information about a subject. búdàn and érqil are always followed by a [prepositional phrase +] verb or verb phrase or clause.

!"#$%&'"()*+,-&.!"#$%&'"()*+,-&.

Nàge fàngukn, búdàn cài hko chr, érqil fúwù yl hln hko.

(As for) that restaurant, not only is the food good, but so is the service.

(lit. ‘That restaurant, not only is the food good, but the service is also good’.)

búdàn can occur without érqil. In the following examples, it occurs with the adverbs / hái and yl.

!"#$%&'()*&'+,- ./!01!"#$%&'()*&'+,- ./!01

Hpfó dàxué búdàn lùqo le tp, hái gli le tp yr bm hln dà de jikngxuéjrn.

Harvard University not only admitted him but also gave him a big scholarship.

!"#$%&'"()*+&,!"#$%&'"()*+&,

Nàge fàngukn, búdàn cài hko chr, fúwù yl hln hko.

(As for) that restaurant, not only is the food good, so is the service.

253

EXPRESSING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

36.10

36.9. . . . . . yòu . . . yòu . . . ‘both . . . and . . .’

This expression is used to indicate two similar properties about a subject. Each instance of yòu must be followed by an adjectival verb.

!"#"$!%&'()!"#"$!%&'()

Zhsngguó lí, yòu tián yòu cuì, tèbié hko chr.

Chinese pears (are) both sweet and crisp. (They are) especially delicious.

Í10.8, 39.4

36.10 . . . chúle . . . yMwài ‘besides . . .’

This expression can be used to introduce additional information or it can be used to introduce an exception. When it introduces additional information, the additional information is always related in meaning to the phrase that occurs between chúle and ymwài.

The phrase that occurs between chúle and ymwài can be a subject noun phrase, an object noun phrase, or a time phrase.

Subject noun phrase

!"#$$%&'()*+,!"#$$%&'()*+,

Chúle mèimei ymwài, dìdi yl xikng qù Zhsngguó liúxué.

Besides younger sister, younger brother also wants to go to China to study.

Object noun phrase

!"#$%%&'()*+,-!"#$%%&'()*+,-

Chúle Zhsngguó ymwài, dìdi yl xikng qù Yuènán luxíng.

Besides China, younger brother also wants to go to Vietnam to travel.

Time phrase

!"#$%&'!()*+!"#$%&'!()*+

Chúle xiàtipn ymwài, wnmen dSngtiPn yl fàng jià.

Besides the summer, we also have (a) vacation in the winter.

chúle and ymwài need not both occur in the same sentence. One or the other may be omitted.

!"##$%&'()*+!"##$%&'()*+

Chúle Zhsngguó, dìdi yl xikng qù Yuènán luxíng.

Besides China, younger brother also wants to go to Vietnam to travel.

254

lìngwài ‘in addition,’ ‘(an)other’

36.11

!""#$%&'()*!""#$%&'()*

Mèimei ymwài, dìdi yl xikng qù Zhsngguó liúxué.

Besides younger sister, younger brother also wants to go to China to study.

Í53.2.2

36.11 lìngwài ‘in addition,’ ‘(an)other’

lìngwài functions as an adverb, occurring before the verb phrase to indicate an additional action:

!"#$%( ) !"!"#$%( ) !"

Tp mki le qúnzi, lìngwài (yl) mki le máoyr.

She bought a skirt, and in addition also bought a sweater.

It can also occur before a number + classifier phrase + noun to indicate ‘another’ (number of nouns).

!"#$%&!"#$%&

Nà shì lìngwài yr zhnng fpngfk.

That is another method.

!"#$%&'!"#$%&'

Wn hái ynu lìngwài jm gè wèntí.

I still have several other questions.

255