Тема 13. Shall, will, should, would

Examples:

1. I shall help you when I am free. – Я помогу тебе, когда освобожусь.

2. It is a great film. You should go and see it. – Это отличный фильм. Тебе следует пойти посмотреть его.

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A.

1. That bag looks heavy. I shall help you with it.

2. I shall not tell anyone what happened.

3. Will you please be quite?

4. Will you shut the door, please?

5. Shall I open the window?

6. If I were you, I should help him.

7. You look tired. You should go to bed.

8. I do not think you should work so hard.

9. If he had arrived yesterday, he would phone you.

10. They insisted that we should have dinner with them.

B.

1. I do not think I shall go swimming.

2. I’m sure you will pass your exam.

3. I do not know where I shall be next Monday.

4. I think the weather will be nice later.

5. Will you be passing the post office when you’re out?

6. Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

7. The government should do more to help homeless people.

8. I’m feeling sick. I should not have eaten so much chocolate.

9. They should have been here an hour ago.

10. She should not have been listening to our conversation. It was private.

11. It’s essential that you should be here in time.

12. It’s strange that he should be late. He’s usually on time.

13. The doctor recommended that I should see a specialist.

14. It’s a great film. You should go and see it.

15. If you use advanced technologies, your profit will be higher.

16. If we look around, we shall see that we cannot live without electricity.

17. If a short circuit occurs, the generator will be put out of action.

18. If the turbine efficiency were higher, we should save fuel and money.

19. If we had an ammeter, we should be able to measure current.

20. If we had used natural gas instead of coal, the efficiency of the turbine would have been higher.

21. If they had repaired the device quickly, they would have renewed their researches.

Тема 14. Способы выражения долженствования

Examples:

1. All the preparations should be completed in a week. – Все приготовления должны быть закончены через неделю.

2. to have to – должен (вынужден)

3. had to – должен был (вынужден был)

4. to be to – должен (по договору, закону, плану)

5. must – должен (обязан)

6. should – должен (понуждение к действию)

7. ought to – должен (моральный долг)

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A. 1. Some advantage in detector sensitivity is to be gained by working at low outlet pressures.

2. A Chinese visitor should be received at the front door and be conducted by the host to a reception-room.

3. We should use modern apparatus to repeat Joule's experiments.

4. A certain amount of work must always produce the same change of temperature.

5. Chemical energy shall be changed to heat and then to mechanical energy.

6. Energy changes are wasteful, we should save energy.

7. Energy should be stored in energy sources, such as fuels and batteries.

8. You should not always judge a stranger by the clothes he wears.

9. Extracts from different books copied by hand were to be sent by post.

10. You should have changed the current strength at all points of the circuit.

B. 1. In order to make the satellite a whole number of highly involved scientific and engineering problems had to be solved.

2. A scientist must have the gift of looking into the future if he is to plan his work properly.

3. If radiation is to occur at certain critical frequencies, absorption must also occur there.

4. In order to see the molecules separately we must necessarily use radiation with a wavelength thousands of times shorter than that of visible light – or, in other words, we have to use radiation called X-rays.

5. As we proceed with the study of chemistry we shall find that the subjects with which we are most concerned are those which have to do with matter and with energy.

6. You need not be afraid to live or work near a nuclear reactor, for should something go wrong, warning lights would tell the men at the control panel to press a bottom marked “screen control”.

7. Glinka was convinced that it was in Russian folk music that he should seek the basis for his own creative work.

8. It was the war that finally brought the realization of who the hero of Soviet fiction should be.

9. The discussion of the previous section must have made it clear that in order to understand the problem of life in general, we must look for the solution in the structure and properties of the living cells.

10. A rough estimate of the rate of cooling and growth of the solid crust of our globe indicates that the cooling process must have begun several billion years ago.

11. It was considered at first that a cubical design of telescope should have been adopted.

12. For a country to be capable of independence, it must possess economic autonomy, and for this it is essential that the economic system should be largely in native hands.

13. Never getting any support in tsarist Russia, Jabloshkov had to leave his fatherlandYou ought to stay longer, and you will see that everything isn't as beautiful as it looks at first sight.