Processing

After data are converted into a binary form, they are available for processing. The central processing unit (CPU) performs this activity in conjunction with memory and storage. The CPU. the "brains" of the computer system, consists of a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU).

• The control unit manages the computer system, acting like a traffic cop directing the flow of data throughout the system.

• The ALU performs all mathematical and logical functions.

One of the fundamental components linked to the CPU is memory. Just as a human requires memory to perform meaningful tasks, so does a computer. Memory is the area of the computer that stores data for processing. It comes in two forms, random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM). RAM temporarily stores the data needed for the current processing task. When power to computer is turned off, data in RAM vanish. We call RAM user memory. It is the memory where your term paper resides when you write it with word processing software. ROM is permanent memory that provides the basic set of instructions for starting the computer. It contains the instructions that give meaning to keys on a keyboard, basic sounds, and access to storage devices.

И Перевод предложений с формальным подлежащим It и конструкцией there is/are

Задание 6. Прочитайте предложения с формальным подлежащим и конструкцией there is. Обсудите возможное изменение порядка слов при переводе.

169. It is therefore not surprising that an extraordinary ritual takes place when it is time for a serial to begin.

170. It happened so that Oscar Wilde spent his last years ill, poor, and forgotten by his friends.

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6.

7.

8. 9.

Задание 8. Сравните английские предложения, в которых

использованы усилительные конструкции it is that (which, who,

when), с их русским переводом. Проанализируйте способы их перевода. Обратите внимание на перевод усилительного глагола 'do'.

In this world there are only two tragedies. One is not getting what one

wants, and the other is getting it.

Some people think that it is more important for them to know history

and literature than science and mathematics.

It has been said. '"Not everything that is learned is contained in

books."

Hurry to supply genetic material while you are in good health. Have a

clone made. There is a discount on large orders. There is also an

installment option. And finally, there is cloning of pets, the cheapest

of all, for those who wish to see their lost pet resurrected.

It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its

members.

There are two general types of RAM: dynamic and static.

While there are upper limits on the total amount of RAM possible in

Macintosh computers (it differs from model to model), there is no

differentiation between the types of RAM, as has been the case with

DOS-based (IBM and so-called IBM-compatible) computers.

171. They say its dangerous.

172. One may say that the situation is strange. We can*t take it for granted

dioxygen complexes. 5. Difficult though it may be the problem will be formulated.

173. Only in special cases do the waves reinforce one another.

174. We couldn t identify the sample. Neither could we make the experiment once more.

8. They didn't present anyinformation. Nor did they providefinancial help.

двуокисные комплексы.

5. Хотя это м.б. и трудно,задача будет сформулирована.Или - Как ни трудна этазадача, она...

6. Только в особых случаяхволны усиливают друг друга.

7. Мы не смогли определитьобразец. А также мы несмогли провести экспериментеще раз.

8. Они не представили никакойинформации. Не обеспечили они ифинансовую помощь.

Усилительный глагол do в утвердительном предложении усиливает значение сказуемого. Обратите внимание на его перевод.

The value does seem high in the light of this observation.

В свете этого наблюдения данное значение действительно кажется

высоким.

I I Отступления от прямого порядка слов (инверсия, усилительные конструкции)

Для усиления значения слова его иногда выносят в начало английского предложения. Такой способ называется инверсией.

Задание 7. Сравните английские предложения, в которых применена инверсия, с их русским переводом. Проанализируйте способы перевода различных случаев инверсии.

1. This mistake we observed in all his articles.

2. In the vacuum was a new sample.

3. Remaining to be discussed is the main problem.

4. Included in Table VII are

175. Именно эту ошибку мы наблюдали во всех его статьях.

176. В вакууме находился новый образец.

177. Остается обсудить основную проблему.

178. В таблицу VII включены

It is this last category that is of

interest to us.

// was not until 1998 that he

published his book.

It was Pr. N.. who was elected

chairman of the session.

It is this question that we are

interested in.

Именно эта последняя категория представляет для нас интерес. И только в 1998 году он опубликовал свою книгу. Председателем собрания был избран проф. N.

Именно этот вопрос интересует нас.

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Задание 9. Прочитайте предложения. Найдите в заданиях 1 и 2 соответствующий тип инверсии и переведите предложения, следуя предложенной модели перевода.

179. 1. It is these two companies which are probably a good part of the cultural program for the public. 2. It was with the arrival of e-commerce and the magnetic strip in the early 1970s that credit cards achieved their full potential. 3. It is the absence rather than the presence of hindrance (помеха) that is noteworthy. 4. It was this technique that failed to meet the requirement. 5. It was of this problem that they spoke and wrote about. 6. It is what one does that counts, not what one promises. 7. It was the Internet that set the PC free, but before computers could begin to weave their worldwide web. they needed a way of transmitting information to one another. 8. It is precisely this opinion that makes a person defend this approach. 9. It is exactly this composition that will do for our purpose. 10. It was the standardised modem that enabled the creation of a single network of computers that could be accessed with the same equipment anywhere in the world, and that is what gives the web its true power. 11. It is the universality that allows a business person with a laptop to set up an instant office wherever there is a phone line, or for videogame players to compete with or against people on the other side of the world, or for eBay users to access the world's biggest marketplace, no matter which country they are dialling up from. 12. Other automated systems are typically controlled by computer too, but it is the term "computer process control" that is generally associated with continuous production involving such materials as, for example, chemicals and some basic metals. 13 It is in the Elizabethan Age that art, culture and literature flowered, especially in London. 14. It was under Henry the l^sl in the 12^th century that London finally became the capital of England.

180. 1. Owing to his works not only was the problem solved but a wholly new approach evolved. 2. Not only can you paste portions of one document into another, but by utilizing more advanced document-linking features those pasted elements remain "live", that is, if the source document (such as some spreadsheet data) changes, the results will also be reflected in the secondary document containing the pasted data. 3. Theirs not only was a very happy marriage but also one of the greatest scientific partnerships. 4. Only recently have we appreciated the potentialities in this field. 5. Out of this work came a substantial body of new technical

knowledge¹. 6. Of great interest was the finding that this shift (сдвиг) did occur at regular intervals. 7. Only then does the action not lead to plan imbalance. 8. Of prime importance is the total response time².

C). 1. Important for the uniqueness of steel is the allotropy of iron-that is, its existence in two crystalline forms. 2. Referred to as ferrite, iron in its bcc formation is also called alpha iron in the lower temperature range and delta iron in the higher temperature zone. 3. Notable are relatively low sensitivities of that substance. 4. Plotted (plot -наносить на диаграмму) on the diagram are the curves of production growth versus (в зависимости от) automation. 5. Closely relating to the problem of memory capacity is the problem of miniaturization. 6. Important as were the decisions, they did not solve the problem confronting them. 7. Reporting³ to him were a technical director, a manufacturing director, and a marketing director. 8. A ventilation opening includes any permanent or closable means of ventilation which opens directly to the external air. Included in this category are openable parts of windows and doors which open directly to the external air.

D) 1. The ion does have a definite mobility that doesn't change with time. 2 There is a second approach to the problem that does provide a slight time saving. 3. We failed to estimate the variables, nor do we know how to evaluate the performance of the system. 4. The closer /V is to I the better does the system meet the formulated task. 5. Never do bats fail to catch insects. 6. Faraday was no mathematician, nor was Hamilton much of a physicist. 7. Their theory, crude though it is, helps to overcome this difficulty.

Ill Задание 10. Переведите текст. ⁴ Обратите внимание на передачу инверсии.

body of knowledge - совокупность знаний " время отклика, время ответа, время реакции

³ предоставлять отчет

⁴ Рубцова М.Г. Чтение и перевод научно-технической литературы [Текст] :лексико-грамматический справочник М.Г.Рубцова. - М. : ООО ^ИздательствоА стрел ь\. 2002 г. -С. 21.

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It is quite evident that not every experiment can be relied upon.

These conditions, however, will be objected to by other scientists.

Material Research is not new, but the interdisciplinary aspects of materials research now are receiving considerable emphasis. It has been only since chemists, physicists, metallurgists, ceramicists. polymer chemists, and other scientists began studying the detailed structure and properties of materials that the fundamental relationships underlying basic materials phenomena have begun to be understood.

It was not until recently that it has become increasingly evident that the rapid exploitation of new discoveries and their incorporation into the technology depends largely on the combined efforts of research scientists and engineers drawn from several different disciplines. The overwhelming problems of today are forcing the disciplines to seek advice from one another.

Not only does the blending of various disciplines result in enhanced research, but modern materials systems themselves often are created from the integration of two or more materials. These systems do result in new materials having properties not previously available.

It is the lack of materials that are adequate to meet the needs imposed on them that many of the holding problems in our technological development stem from.

Задание 11. Письменно переведите текст. Обратите внимание на предложение, в котором имеется инверсия. Сравните ваш перевод с переводом других студентов.

Computer Bidding

Now companies can advertise their garbage by computer. An Ohio firm. Team-W. provides an on-line service that lists companies* recyclable waste material and lets other companies bid for it. If Acme Yogurt has some leftover corrugated cardboard that Flowers First can use, the florist can use the computer to arrange to pick up the cardboard and give the yogurt company 25$. Not only does the service save landfills from unnecessary objects, it's good for business. A similar service allows art lovers to bid on works via computers. Using an ID number to log on, they can browse through available works by title or by artist. Bids are made by punching in the code for the work, and sales are finalized by fax - all without ever leaving home.

Ш Особенности перевода страдательного залога

1.Трудности при переводе вызывают два типа глаголов:

а) глаголы, которые требуют после себя дополнения с предлогоми в русском языке тоже требуют предложного дополнения.Например: to depend upon, to deal with, to refer to

N.B.! Словосочетание to refer to as - переводится "называться*.

б) глаголы, за которыми идет беспредложное дополнение, нокоторые в русском языке требуют предложного дополнения: to answersmth.. to follow smth., to affect smth. (влиять на), to influence smth., toapproach smth.

При переводе предложений, включающих оба типа глаголов в страдательном залоге, русское предложение следует начинать с предлога. Например:

Вполне очевидно, что не на каждый эксперимент можно положиться.

2. За сказуемым в страдательном залоге могут стоять два предлога подряд. В этом случае следует помнить, что первый из них относится к подлежащему (которое было бы дополнением, если бы глагол имел активную форму), поэтому перевод следует начинать с него, а второй отнести к обстоятельству, которое стоит после сказуемого в пассивной форме, например:

Однако против этих условий будут протестовать другие v4eHbie.

3. При наличии в английском предложении однородных сказуемых, выраженными глаголами в страдательном залоге, обычно в полной форме представлено только первое сказуемое, а второе (и. если есть, последующие) - только смысловой частью. При переводе на русский язык обычно (но не всегда) следует повторить

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подлежащее (заменяя его во втором случае местоимением) для каждого смыслового глагола-сказуемого, например:

A program must be designed, coded, tested and documented.

Программа должна бытьсоставлена, закодирована,испытана и

Wood is much experimented upon and worked at in research institutes.

Now questions can be asked and answered.

The book might not have been written or published.

документирована. С древесиной проводится много экспериментов, и над ней работают в научно-исследовательских институтах.

Теперь можно задавать вопросы и можно давать на них ответы.

Эта книга могла бы быть не написана или она могла бы быть не напечатана.

Задание 12. Переведите предложения, выделяя сказуемые в страдательном залоге.

181. The most popular type of electronic data storage in a computer system is magnetic disk storage, which is commonly referred to as floppy disks, hard disks, and storage tape.

182. Monitors are also referred to as CRTs (cathode ray tubes). VDT (video display terminals), or simply screens.

183. The problem was not dealt with.

184. Many questions were answered correctly.

185. The development of physics was greatly influenced by the discovery of radioactivity.

6. The reaction was followed by measuring temperature.

186. No amount of selected examples, however convincing, can be relied upon.

187. As far as other compounds of this series are concerned they will be dealt with in another chapter.

188. Methods employed in solving a problem are strongly influenced by the research objective.

189. Often objects can be defined and dealt with independent of their parameters.

190. The Macintosh operating system, which is referred to as system, and its GUI operating environment. Finder, are inseparable.

Ш Задание 13. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на передачу значения глаголов в страдательном залоге.'

Automation is often referred to as a new subject and its various aspects have not yet all been paid adequate attention to. Thus, for example, its commercial aspects have been only recently fully appreciated. Many problems arising from the impact of automation on national and world economy have not even been dealt with. It is, therefore, of paramount importance that general public should be informed both of its technological and social aspects.

There is hardly any aspect of human life that would not be affected by the changes that automation will bring about. Unfortunately, there is relatively little factual material available for analyzing the consequences of automatization. Indeed, most economists are not yet fully aware of the problem that might arise in the process of automatization. The effect of these developments on the trend of prices, capital investments, balance of payments have not yet been fully appreciated. These subjects should be adequately dealt with in foreseeable future.

Л Зал;u i не 14. Сделайте письменный перевод текста. Обратите внимание на передачу значения глаголов в страдательном залоге.

The big bang is often described as an event that occurred long ago, a great explosion that created the universe. In actuality, me theory says nothing about the moment of creation. It simply states that as far back as we can extrapolate, the cosmos has been expanding, thinning out and cooling down. The big bang is best thought of not as a singular event but as an ongoing process, a gradual molding of order out of chaos. The recent observations have given this picture a coherence it never had before.

' Рубцова М.Г. Чтение и перевод научно-технической литературы [Текст] : лексико-грамматический справочник М.Г.Рубцова. - М. : ОООЧИздательство Астрель».,2002 г. -С. 161.

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использовать слово обычно, при этом смысловой глагол ставится в нужном по контексту времени.

Следует избегать перевода would словом должен.

shall,

Иногда модальные глаголы лишь выражают оценку совершения действия (его возможности, необходимости или вероятности). Такое значение модальных глаголов видно из контекста, и при переводе их можно выносить в начало предложения.

Ш Передача модальности при переводе

Вспомните значения основных модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов: can. may. must, be able to, be allowed to, be to, have to.

Задание 15. Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами.

191. We just have to keep in mind that computers and the Internet offer another way of staying in touch. They don't eliminate any of the old ways.

192. Before you can have a computer perform any meaningful task, both data and instructions must be situated in primary memory.

193. There are three things we have to consider.

194. The rate of gas flow does not have to be large.

195. Light pens, often used in department stores, are able to input a large amount of data quickly by moving a light beam across a bar code.

196. This does not mean that in a year or two we won't be able to significantly speed up economic development, remove social tensions and convince the people that we are heading in the right direction.

197. They were not allowed to earn' out the experiment.

198. In order to understand the instructions a PLC is to carry out, an understanding of the language is necessary.

199. These games are to illustrate some significant factors.

H Обратите внимание на следующие значения модальных глаголов:

shall, should - долженствование, необходимость. Shall -категорическая форма долженствования, should - более мягкая.

should в научной литературе часто имеет значение должен.

will, would - возможность, желание, настояние. В научной литературе часто передают значение обычности, повторяемости действия в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем: will - более настойчивое действие, would - менее регулярное. Такое значение этих глаголов определяется из контекста, и при переводе можно

1. The following points however, be mentioned.

200. The following points should. however, be mentioned.

201. I will direct my critical remarks to the author of the article.

202. I would direct my critical remarks to the author of the article.

203. Molecular solvent will not remove fluorine from organic compounds.

204. Under such conditions the reaction wouldn 7 proceed.

205. The ideal would contain things which have intrinsic value.

There must be an answer to the

question.

You may ask many questions to the

author of the book.

This idea might be of interest for

many scientists.

Such tasks should be significant in

solving economic problems.

206. Однако, (обязательно) должны быть упомянуты следующие вопросы.

207. Однако, следовало бы упо­мянуть следующие вопросы.

208. Я хочу высказать свои замечания автору этой статьи.

209. Мне хотелось бы высказать свои замечания автору этой статьи.

210. Молекулярный растворитель (обычно) не удаляет фтор из органических соединений.

211. При таких условиях эта реакция обычно не протекает.

212. Идеал обычно включает то, что имеет внутреннюю ценность.

Должно быть, существует (какой-то) ответ на этот вопрос. Возможно, вы зададите много вопросов автору этой книги. Возможно, эта идея заинтересует многих ученых.

Должно быть, постановка таких задач является важным условием для решения экономических проблем.

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Задание 16. Переведите предложения, выделяя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. As to the heat of the reaction it had to be carefully controlled. 2. They were not allowed to install this program. 3. We have had to investigate a wide range of economic problems as well. 4. This theory shall continue so long as the sun shall shine. 5. I will write the program myself! 6. We will complete the task by all means. 7. According to the author this theory should hold in all cases. 8. The program or the database does not have to be changed. 9. He may have to stop his experiment. 10. One of the simpler forms is probably to be preferred. 11. It has been argued for a long time that programmers should not have to reinvent the wheel every time they write a program. 12. It may take you twelve hours to write an article. 13. This was done for computational convenience; it would not be done in practical applications.

Ш Задание 17. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая особое внимание на выделенные слова, обороты и предложения. Дайте варианты перевода отдельных предложений, учитывая возможности изменения порядка слов.

The Moon Does Not Yield her Secrets Easily

Recent lunar missions have shown that there is still much to learn about Earth's closest neighbor.

Although Earth's satellite was the first planetary object to be explored by spacecraft and the only body ever visited by astronauts, scientists have many unanswered questions about its history, composition and internal structure. In recent years, researches have called for renewed exploration of the moon; the European Space Agency and Japan are planning to send probes into lunar orbit, and NASA is considering landing an unmanned spacecraft on the moon*s far side. By studying the moon, these missions may also illuminate the history of all the rocky planets in the inner solar system: Mercury, Venus. Mars and especially Earth. Because the moon's surface has remained relatively unchanged for the past three billion years, it may hold the key to understanding how the inner planets formed and evolved.

When astronomers first gazed at the moon through telescopes 400 years ago, they found that its surface consists of two principal types of terrain (местность): bright, rugged, (неровный) heavily (массивно) created highlands and dark, more sparsely (разбросанный, редкий) cratered lowlands. Galileo Galilei, the 17 - century astronomer, called the lowlands maria - Latin for "seas" - because of their smooth, dark appearance. One of the biggest surprises of the space age came in 1959. when the Soviet spacecraft Luna 3 photographed the moon's far side, which had never been seen before because it is always turned away from Earth. The photographs showed that it almost completely lacks the dark maria that are so dominant on the near side. Although scientists now have some theories that could explain this dichotomy (фаза луны) terrain, it remains an unsolved puzzle.

Analisys of the lunar rocks and soil brought back to Earth by the Apollo astronauts and by unmanned Luna landers allowed researches to get a glimpse of the moon's evolution. The evidence (факты) suggests (наводить на мысль) that the moon was created about 4.5 billion years ago when a Mars-size body hit the early Earth. This collision sent a spray (пыль) of rocks into orbit around Earth, and these small bodies rapidly coalesced (срастались, объединялись) into the moon. They accumulated so quickly that the heat generated by the process melted the outer portion of the nascent (образующийся, возникающий) moon and formed a global ocean of liquid rock, or magma. The lunar crust then formed low-density (разреженный) minerals that floated to the surface of this magma ocean.

This early phase was followed by a violent pelting (удар. проливной) of the moon's surface by comets, asteroids and meteoroids. Some of the larger objects blasted out (взорвать, образовать) enormous basins more than 2.000 kilometers in diameter. Most craters and basins, at least on the near side, were filled with iron-rich basaltic lava over the next 300 million to 400 million years, forming the dark maria seen today. As time went on, the bombardment eased, with impacts becoming less frequent and less powerful. This fact explains why the maria. which are younger than the highlands, have fewer and smaller craters. Little has occurred on the moon since about three billion years ago; after the volcanic fires died, the only activity has been the occasional formation of an impact crater, the constant rain of micrometeorits and the six blink-of-an-eye visits by a dozen astronauts more than 30 years ago.

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For example, the text that appears on the screen as you type goes into random access memory.

The proportion in which the four possible products are formed presents a very complicated problem.

Because the moon has experienced impact, volcanism and tectonic activity, it can serve as a touchstone (критерий) for understanding those processes. In particular, the moon's companionship (соседство) to Earth makes it an ideal place for studying the extraplanetary events that occurred in this part of the solar system during its early history. Nearly all traces of the asteroids and comets that struck Earth billions of years ago have been erased from our planet's geologically active surface. Yet this record is preserved on the moon, where it can be recovered and read.

Scientists learned much from the Apollo explorations, but many mysteries remained after that program ended. Researches realized that they needed to map the moon globally with a variety of remote-sensing instruments (дистанционный измерительный прибор, средство дистанционного зондирования). A hint of the fascinating discoveries awaiting global reconnaissance (исследование) came from two flybys of the Earth-moon system in the early 1990s by the Jupiter-bound (направляющийся на) Galileo spacecraft. In the southern hemisphere of the moon's far side, mission scientists (ученые, выполняющие задание) saw an unusual signature of high-iron rocks in the floor of the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin, the largest basin on the moon. Galileo also mapped some of the maria using spectral filters that provided information on surface composition: the results suggested that researchers could use remote spacecraft data to delineate (начертить) the sequence (следование) of lava flows in the maria.

Hi Роль артикля при переводе