500 CHLOROPLAST E.R.: EVOLUTION OF TWO MEMBRANES

environment. The motile phase of Cricosphaera sp. will tolerate salinities only as low as 0.4% to 0.8% salt and as high as 4.5% to 5.0% salt (see Paasche, 1968, for a review).

Pavlovales

The Pavlovales have cells with two unequal flagella with the haptonema arising between the flagella. In Pavlova, the two unequal flagella are attached some distance below the cell apex (Fig. 22.3(b)) (Green, 1967, 1976; van der Veer, 1969, 1976; Green and Manton, 1970). The longer flagellum is directed forward during swimming and is covered with fine hairs and dense bodies, whereas the short flagellum projects outward and can have fibrillar hairs on it. The flagella and haptonema are attached at the bottom of a depression (Green, 1973). A pit or canal passes from the bottom of the depression, under the base of the long flagellum, and terminates at the inner face of the eyespot (Fig. 22.21). The shape of the cells is variable, and there is a single two-lobed chloroplast with a pyrenoid. An eyespot is present inside the chloroplast. No sexual reproduction is known, and the cells propagate by longitudinal division in the motile state.

Fig. 22.21 A drawing of a section through the apical area of Pavlova granifera showing the contactile vacuole (CV), eyespot (E), long flagellum (F), and pit (P). (After Green, 1973.)

The algae in the Pavlovales have unusual sterols with two hydroxyl groups called pavlovals (Ghosh et al., 1998).

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