Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
методичка СР, 5, 2,3к.doc
Скачиваний:
334
Добавлен:
27.02.2016
Размер:
1.71 Mб
Скачать

XI. Express the main idea of the text ( ex. VI) in one sentence. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian

a) similar terms, similar properties, similar weights, similar quality, similar in shape, similar in colour; to emphasize the importance, to emphasize the significance; remarkable changes, remarkable achievements, remarkable equipment; noticeable progress, noticeable improvement, noticeable advan­tage

b) to be dependent upon one's help, to be dependent upon speed; closely connected; current conduction; wireless communication; basic discoveries; modern research laboratory; measuring devices; electrically operated; a means of automation and control; a direct means of fulfilling such operations

IV Semester

Lesson 1-2

1. Read and translate the text:

MICROPROCESSORS, MICROCOMPUTERS, MICROCONTROLLERS AND MINICOMPUTERS

1. Read aloud and memorize the following words:

circuit ['s3:kit] — схема; require— вимагати (потребувати); compatible — сумісний, сполучений; assembly — монтаж; cumbersome] — незграбний, громіздкий; hexadecimal

['hekso'desimal] — щістнадцятковий; alphanumeric— початкове число; assign — приписувати; ascending— який іде по висхідній лінії; vice versa— навпаки.

2. Words and expressions for the text comprehension: integrated circuit — інтегральна схема; to provide with — забезпечувати; read-only memory (ROM) —доступ­на тільки для читання пам'ять; interactive video computer terminal — інтерактивний комп'ютерний відеотермінал; line printer — пристрій рядкового друку; control element— елемент управління; number system — числова система; decimal number system — система десяткових чисел; mi­croprocessor-based system — система на основі мікропроцесора; binary number system — двійкова система чисел; assembler language — мова асемблера; shorthand number system — стенографічна система чисел; octal — вісімковий; hexadecimal — шістнадцятковий; no matter how large or small — незважаючи на те, якої величини.

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (1С) that performs many of the functions found in a digital computer. A single microprocessor 1С is capable of performing all the arithmetic and control functions of a computer. By itself, a typical microprocessor 1С does not contain the memories and input/ output (I/O) functions of a computer. However, when these functions are provided with additional ICs, a microcomputer is formed.

Typically, a basic microcomputer requires a read-only memory (ROM) to store the computer program or instructions, a random-access memory (RAM) to store temporary data (the information to be acted upon by the computer program), and an I/O 1С to make the system compatible with outside or (peripheral) equipment such as an interactive video compu­ter terminal, teletype, or line printer. There are some ICs that contain some, or all, of these functions. In effect, when an 1С contains all of the basic functions, the 1С is a computer on a chip. However, this is not the typical case.

Microprocessors are sometimes referred to as micropro­cessor units (MPU) or control processor units (CPU) (CPU can sometimes mean central processor unit). A microproces­sor is not always used in digital computer applications. Instead, the microprocessor is used as a controller. As a matter of in­terest, the microprocessor was originally developed as the control element for those applications where digital computer function (the ability to store and execute a complete program automatically) was too large or expensive. Sometimes, the microprocessor is called a microcontroller when used in these control applications.

The term minicomputer can be applied to many relatively small and relatively simple computers. A minicomputer often contains many ICs, but not necessarily a microprocessor 1С.

Number Systems

in Microprocessors / Microcomputers

The decimal number system is generally used in the world outside the microprocessor. Inside a microprocessor-based sys­tem, the binary number system is used most often. This is be­cause binary numbers are compatible with the electrical pulses used in digital or logic systems. Binary numbers use only two digits, 0 or 1. The zero can be represented by the absence of a pulse, with the 1 being represented by the presence of a pulse (vice versa in some systems). The pulses can be positive or negative without affecting the binary number system (as long as only two states exist). In any event, to understand the language of microprocessor-based systems (generally referred to as machine language), it becomes ne­cessary to examine number systems in general and the bi­nary number system in particular.

Although microprocessors use binary numbers in the form of pulses, most microcomputer systems use some other form of number system for assembly of computer programs (generally referred to as assembly language). This is because binary numbers (although compatible with pulses) are cum­bersome when the values are beyond a few digits. Shorthand number systems are used to enter and read out programs and data in a microcomputer system. The most common shorthand number systems used for microcomputer programming are the octal, hexadecimal (or hex), binary-coded decimal (or BCD), and alphanumeric systems. •

The binary number system uses only two digits, 0 and 1. In all number systems, digits are assigned positional weights, or values, , so that numbers can be written to express all quantities, no matter how large or small.