- •Ministry of science and education of the republic of kazakhstan
- •Contents
- •Part a. General english
- •I. Writing an informal letter
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •4) Tips
- •5) Sample
- •6) Evaluation criteria
- •7) References
- •8) Exercises
- •9) Appendix useful language
- •II. Writing an e-mail
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Structure
- •3) Stages
- •4) Tips
- •5) Samples
- •6) Useful language Acronyms
- •7) Evaluation criteria
- •8) References
- •9) Exercises
- •10) Appendix
- •Internet Acronyms retrieved August 5, 2010 from http://www.Mcfedries.Com/Ramblings/email-jargon.Asp
- •III. Writing an sms message
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Features
- •Part b. Academic english
- •3) Paragraphs types
- •4) Stages of paragraph writing
- •5) Sample a Good Start
- •6) References
- •Http://elpweb.Com/materials/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/Writing_3_Activity_1.Pdf
- •7) Exercises
- •V. Writing an essay
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Types
- •3) Title
- •4) Structure
- •5) Tips
- •6) Sample
- •7) References
- •8) Exercises
- •VI. Writing a summary
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Stages
- •4) Structure
- •5) Sample
- •6) Tips
- •7) Evaluation criteria
- •8) References
- •9) Exercises
- •10) Appendix cliches for summarizng a text
- •VII. Writing a research paper
- •11) References/bibliography.
- •12) Documentation styles
- •13) References
- •14) Exercises
- •VIII. Graph description (ielts format)
- •1) Definition
- •6) References
- •7) Exercises
- •8) Appendix
- •Part c. Business english
- •IX. Writing a business letter
- •2) Structure/stages
- •3) Sample
- •4) How to begin/end a business letter
- •5) Business letter format
- •6) List of common phrases for business letters
- •7) References
- •5. Sample business letters. Retrieved October 16, 2010 from http://www.Writeexpress.Com/sample-business-letters.Html
- •8) Exercises
- •X. Writing a memo
- •1) Definition
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Parts of a memo:
- •4) Tips
- •5) Samples
- •Informal memo:
- •6) References
- •XI. Writing a report
- •1) Definition
- •2) Types
- •3) Structure
- •3) Stages
- •4) Report template
- •5) Sample report Report on Eco-Homes Project
- •6) References
- •7) Exercises
- •XII. Writing Minutes of a Meeting
- •1) Definition
- •2) Content
- •3) Tips
- •4) Useful language (verbs of reporting)
- •5) Samples
- •6) Sample minutes Minutes for 2002-1-21 Board of Directors meeting
- •7) References
- •XIII. Writing a press release
- •1) Definition
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Structure
- •4) Steps
- •5) Format
- •6) Tips
- •7) Warnings
- •8) Checklist
- •9) Press release sample
- •10) References
- •11) Exercises
- •Part 3. Keys
- •I. Writing an informal letter
- •II. Writing an e-mail
- •III. Writing an sms message
- •IV. Writing a paragraph
- •V. Writing an essay
- •VI. Writing a summary
- •VII. Writing a research paper
- •VIII. Graph description (ielts format)
- •IX. Writing a business letter
- •X. Writing a memo
- •XI. Writing a report
- •XII. Writing Minutes of a Meeting
- •XIII. Writing a press release
V. Writing an essay
1) Definition/differentiation
An essay is a short piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view.
2) Types
Descriptive essay The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe an object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages the student’s ability to create a written account of a particular experience. What is more, this genre allows for a great deal of artisticfreedom (the goal of which is to paint an image that is vivid and moving in the mind of the reader).
Comparison and contrast essay shows the differences and/or similarities between two persons, places, things, ideas, etc.
Definition Essay defines a topic both concretely (dictionary def.) and abstractly (extended def.). A dictionary often defines a word in three ways: the term, the class to which it belongs, the characteristics that distinguish it.
Argumentative essay is an essay on a controversial issue. It typically outlines disadvantages and advantages, pros and cons, opinions and supporting arguments. One of the widely used forms of argumentative essays is discursive essay which considers some issue from different angles, e.g. historical, social, moral, political, artistic, economic, etc.
3) Title
A title tells the reader what the topic of the paragraph is. It is usually a word or phrase, not a sentence. It should be brief, but not so brief that doesn’t tell the reader what to expect.
Single paragraphs do not usually have titles. For longer essays or reports, though, the use of titles will become more necessary.
Remember these points when writing a title:
The first, last, and all important words in a title are capitalized. Prepositions and articles are not considered important words in a title. Prepositions of more than five letters, however, may be capitalized. Articles that begin the title, of course, are capitalized.
The title of a paragraph or essay is not underlined.
The title is not enclosed in quotation marks, nor is it ended with period. For example:
My Greatest Culture Shock
4) Structure
An essay has three main parts:
An introductory paragraph
A body (at least one, but usually two or more paragraphs)
A concluding paragraph
The introductory paragraph consists of two parts: a few general statements about your subject to attract your reader’s attention and a thesis statement to state the specific subdivisions of your topic and/or the “plan” of your paper. A thesis statement for an essay is just like a topic sentence for a paragraph: it names the specific topic and the controlling ideas or major subdivisions of the topic.
The bodyconsists of one or more paragraphs. Each paragraph develops a subdivision of your topic, so the number of paragraphs in the body will vary with the number of subdivisions or subtopics. The body is the longest part of the essay and can contain as many paragraphs as necessary to support the controlling ideas of your thesis statement. The paragraphs of the body of the essay are like the main supporting points in a single paragraph. Furthermore, you can organize the paragraphs in an essay just as you organize the ideas in a paragraph, by chronological order, logical division of ideas, comparison and contrast, etc.
The conclusionin an essay, like the concluding sentence in a paragraph, is a summary or restatement of the main points discussed in the body. Graphically the essay structure is usually presented as follows:
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I. Introduction
General Statements Thesis Statements
II. Body
A. Topic Sentence 1. Support 2. Support 3. Support (Concluding Sentence)
B. Topic Sentence 1. Support
3. Support (Concluding Sentence)
C. Topic Sentence 1. Support 2. Support
(Concluding Sentence)
III. Conclusion
Restatement or summary of the main points; final comment.
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