6) Tips

Do's

- When summarizing a passage, first absorb its meaning and then capture in your own words the most important elements from the original (Perrin 2005, p.117)

- Follow the original organization where possible.

- The first sentence should express the overall message of the text. The remaining sentences should present the most important ideas, data, conclusions in the text.

- Arrange all pieces logically.

- Use the author's key words.

- Use a lower level of language difficulty than the authors of the original use. Make the summary clear and understandable to someone who has not read the original article. It should stand on its own (Druker 2006).

Don’ts

• summarize as you read the text for the first time;

• use minor points and repeated information;

• include your own ideas, illustrations or interpretations;.

• use such phrases as “the author says”, “the article reports”;

• directly quote the author without quotation marks.

• Don't use such phrases as “the author says”, “the article reports”. Instead, use:

affirms, agrees, announces, answers, approves, argues, assures, believes, challenges, claims, comments, confirms, criticizes, debates, decides, describes, determines, discusses, emphasizes, explains, highlights, informs, inquires, interprets, manifests, makes known, notes, objects, observes, offers, points (The Art 1996)

7) Evaluation criteria

Content:

Compression (list and gist)

Logical consistency (use connectors)

Coverage (mention all important things)/Generalization

Objectivity (reflect the source author's viewpoints rather than your own)

Language:

Accuracy (proofread for grammar mistakes)

Vocabulary range (use terms)

Independence from the source (rephrase)

8) References

1. The Art of Writing Precis and Abstract (1996) Manual for Senior Students. Moscow, MGU.

2. Bell, J. (2006). Doing your Research Project. (4-th ed.). New York: Open University Press.

3. Blaxter, L. et al. (2006). How to Research. (3^rd ed.). Open University Press. (Pp.54-57)

4. Druker, Ph. (2006). Advanced Technical Writing. How to Summarize. (Web outreach course) University of Idaho. Retrieved January 24, 2008 from http://www.class.uidaho.edu/adv_tech_wrt/resources

5. Perrin R. (2005). Handbook for College Research. Boston - New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

6. Plotnick, J.( 2007). Paraphrase and Summary. University of Toronto. Retrieved January 24, 2008 from http://www.utoronto.ca/ucwriting/paraphrase.html

7. How to Summarize. Copyright © Mantex 2000—2007 Retrieved January 24, 2008 from

http://www.mantex.co.uk/samples/summary.htm

8. Shintemirova, S., Temirkhanova, S. (2005). A Guide to Summary Writing. KBTU: Almaty.

9. Weidenborner, S. et.al. (2005). Writing Research Papers: A Guide to the Process. (7^th ed.). Boston – New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s. (Pp.143-156)

9) Exercises

Exercise 1. Write a 6-sentence summary of the text below. Compare it with the given sample and evaluate both in terms of compression, coverage, logical consistency and generalization.

Original text. METHODS OF DRILLING

1. Drilling oil and gas has become as widespread and universal as man himself. The bit has drilled the Arctic tundra and the desert sand, the ocean depth and the mountain top, the open plain and the city square. Almost all types of conditions have been met, yet almost every day there is something new in drilling. Man is never content. He must press on to new goals. He must progress. Man likes a challenge and one of his greatest challenges is drilling.

As petroleum becomes harder to find and is located much deeper when it is found, so the drilling industry keeps up with the need and builds bigger and more efficient equipment to dig down to the oil.

2. Any successful system of drilling oil wells must provide first of all, a means of fracturing or abrading the rocky formations to reach the oil reservoir, and second, it must provide a means of excavating the drilling mud from the well. In addition, the walls of the well need to be protected from caving and water and gas need to be sealed off. Wells are usually drilled vertically or nearly so. But sometimes it may not be possible or desirable to drill a vertical well because of some constraints. The well must of course be deep enough to reach the oil reservoir and it should be wide enough to permit the introduction and operation of a pumping device needed to make operation of the well profitable.

3. Percussion drilling is the most primitive and most efficient way of drilling which is implemented by a wedge bit. The wedge bit is fixed on a steel rope or metallic rods to give successive blows on the formation. When sufficient cuttings are accumulated on the bottom, a special bucket with a valve extracts the cuttings from the hole. Nowadays there are special transportable rigs for percussion drilling.

4. The rotary drilling method is comparatively new. The idea was introduced in 1901. In the rotary method the hole is drilled by a rotating bit to which a force is applied. The bit is fixed to and rotated by a drill string composed of drill pipe and drill collar with new sections or joints being added as drilling progresses. Rotary drilling is used in different geological conditions, with any agent such as air, gas, mud, jet bits of small diameters.

5. The major disadvantages of rotary drilling:

• Surface equipment must be of high power, a great part of it is wasted in rotating the drill shaft and operating the surface equipment.

• Drill pipes must be of high quality.

• Hydraulic horsepower of pumps is not always used completely.

• The installations are very noisy which makes working conditions hard.

6. Rotary drilling comprises two types:

• the engine on the surface – rotary drilling; and

• the engine on the bottom of the well – turbodrilling and electrodrilling.

7. There are rotary drilling bits today which effectively cut through the earth. The drill string, made of tough steel pipe, turns the bit and channels the drilling fluid down to lubricate it and carry the cuttings away. The bit must be replaced when it wears out: and there has to be a connection between the surface and the bit on the bottom.

8. In turbine drilling the bit is rotated by a turbo drill attached to the lower end of the drill string. The turbo drill is powered by a multi-stage hydraulic turbine which is driven by the drilling fluid. The turbine and rotary methods are interchangeable. Turbine drilling demonstrates such benefits as:

• Fast penetration

• Elimination of twist-off and other hazards;

• Reduced drill pipe and tool join wear.

• Lower mud consumption.

• Reduced rig wear.

9. Turbine drilling is safe, fast and efficient and will substantially reduce well cost. The turbo drill provides a hydraulic drive for the bit at the bottom of the hole and makes constant rotating the drill pipe unnecessary. It can also be described as hydraulic rotary drilling.

10. Novel drills. Major improvements have been made in rotary rigs over the years. Considerable research has been done by the petroleum industry to develop novel drills. Novel drills remove rock by four basic mechanisms: fusion and vaporization, thermal spalling, chemical reactions and mechanically induced stresses.

11. The drills which fuse and vaporize rock are capable of heating above their melting temperatures of 2000-4000 F. These fusion drills are varied because they can drill any type of rock, but they have low drilling rates. The thermal spalling drills heat the rock surface to 700-1100  F and create thermal stresses which cause "spall" of rock. Chemical drills use highly reactive chemicals such as fluorine to drill rock at high rates. They have limited potential because of the difficulty in handling large quantities of highly reactive chemicals and because of the high cost of these chemicals. Drills which remove rock by mechanically induced stresses have the greatest potential for drilling oil wells. Mechanical rock breakage is more efficient than thermal spalling or fusion. These drills can drill any type of rock and they can operate in mud-filled borehole.

Sample summary:

This text tracks down the evolution of the methods of drilling due to their growing importance. This evolution is characterized by the development of drilling means and operations, starting from the most primitive percussion drilling through more universal and sophisticated rotary and turbodrilling to novel drills, such as fusion, vaporization, thermal spalling, chemical reactions and mechanically induced stresses.

All these methods have their advantages and disadvantages, for example rotary drilling needs high consumption of power, whereas turbodrilling is more efficient and economical than rotary drilling, while both are interchangeable.

Ospanov Daulet, 2 year student of KBTU, 2004, teacher B.Jolamanova

Exercise 2. Arrange the statements in the descending order of generality

1)

A. All the methods of drilling have their advantages and disadvantages

B. These fusion drills can drill any type of rock.

C. The traditional methods of drilling have higher permeability rate.

2)

A. Educational software applications can be used to enhance students' learning by providing an interactive, multimedia environment that can be more engaging.

B. Using software applications students can access different sections of the learning material.

C. Computers can help enrich students' learning experience.

Exercise 3. Read the paragraph and mark the sentences from it as important (I) or unimportant (U) information pieces.

The open source approach is a convenient way for a large number of loosely organized programmers to contribute to the development of a piece of software. Usually they are unpaid volunteers who donate their time. They enjoy programming and have a need for that particular piece of software, so it is in their interest to help improve it by adding new features or fixing bugs. One person, or a small group, acts as the project coordinator and maintains the official version of the source. Other people suggest bug fixes, contribute new features, or improve the design of existing modules. The coordinators examine and test these contributions and decide how to integrate them into the current source.

_____1) The open source approach is a convenient way for a large number of loosely organized programmers to contribute to the development of a piece of software.

_____2) Usually they are unpaid volunteers who donate their time.

_____3) They enjoy programming and have a need for that particular piece of software, so it is in their interest to help improve it by adding new features or fixing bugs.

_____4) One person, or a small group, acts as the project coordinator and maintains the official version of the source.

_____5) Other people suggest bug fixes, contribute new features, or improve the design of existing modules.

_____6) The coordinators examine and test these contributions and decide how to integrate them into the current source.

Exercise 4. Compress each paragraph into 1 statement.

1) Computers can be programmed to generate images and animations that model other systems. These systems can be those that exist in the physical world in which we live (for example, people and objects), as well as those from the imagination (e.g. life on the moon and mythical beings). For example, the Sim Theme Park program allows users to design their own roller coasters, and provides the option to turn off gravity.

2) Simulations can also be used to emulate scenarios that may be too dangerous to practice with real people. Pilots often use simulations when learning about new equipment. Furthermore, computers can be used to model elements that are hard to observe such as molecular structures.

Exercise 5. Compress each set of facts into a generalized statement.

Set A

1) BG Group has launched a new Graduate School at the Kazakh – British Technical University (KBTU) in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

2) Both BG and joint sponsor, Shell, will each contribute USD 250,000 in sponsorship to KBTU over a two year period in support of postgraduate programs.

3) For the past six and a half years, BG has provided Southampton University with core resources to implement an environmental education and development program in Kazakhstan.

4) The Chair runs a very successful Masters degree program in Environmental Management in Almaty.

Set B

1) The depth of an oil-well is controlled by the depth at which oil is found.

2) The diameter of the oil string depends largely on the expected productivity of the well.

3) The number of casing "strings" and their diameter depends on the local conditions and the expected depth of the well.

4) The diameter of a well varies.

Set C

1) To help transfer western experience in environmental management to the emerging nation, in 1993 BG opened the Chair of Environmental Technology. Based at the Almaty Institute of Power Engineering and Telecommunications (AIPET), the Chair develops practical, affordable solutions to address some of Kazakhstan's severe environmental problems.

2) For the past six and a half years, BG has provided Southampton University with core resources to implement an environmental education and development programme in Kazakhstan. The Chair runs a very successful Masters degree programme in Environmental Management in Almaty.

3) BG developed performance measures to provide new projects with benchmarks to assess the environmental impact of the development.

4) Awareness guidance has been developed, introducing the subject of biodiversity and providing a basic toolkit for operators in each country to start to investigate the local implications for their business.

5) BG will ensure that the conservation objectives of protected areas are fully considered within the environmental impact assessment and decision making processes in the Company.

Exercise 6. Find the key sentence in the paragraph below:

No longer just a tech producer, China is becoming a gargantuan tech consumer. China is dotted with rabbit warrens of small electronics boutiques, selling everything from known brands to home-made kit, multi-coloured CDs to 2GB memory cards. No-one can accuse the Chinese of being behind the times. It will come as little surprise that China is now the world's largest cell phone market, with more than 380 million mobiles. And, just like internet penetration, the number is rising at an impressive rate. Just like the rest of the world, they are in love with their phones.

Exercise 7. Read the passage and enlarge its suggested summary with the missing important information.

Original passage:

China is so ready to compete with US technology that, in one particular case, it bought the company. In December 2004, Chinese PC manufacturer Lenovo did the unthinkable - it bought part of IBM. The part, that is, that makes PCs. Lenovo was already China's largest PC maker but, after the IBM deal, it has shot up from 9th largest to 3rd largest PC manufacturer in the world.

Lenovo's Alice Li told Click: "It's a very important transaction for us. For Lenovo that acquisition makes us a truly international company. "We've accumulated an international management team and reputable international brands - for example, Thinkpad - and all the patented technology related to that brand. And we also now have an immediate worldwide distribution network."

Suggested summary: The passage focuses on China's expansion.

Exercise 8. Identify the logical links between the given sentences and compress them into one, using appropriate connectors

1) Tools to breach computer systems that require minimal computer system expertise are increasingly available.

2) More people can hack into computer systems, steal confidential data on a computer, alter, or even corrupt, targeted computer systems.

3) Intruders can use your computer to attack your organization, other corporations, and even governments.

4) Computers can be used to achieve detrimental effects if we, as computer users, are not aware of security vulnerabilities and do not take steps to prevent computer attacks.

Exercise 9. Define the type of logical relations (right column) between the opposed vocabulary units in the left column:

1 Computer VS mainframe, minicomputer 2 Portable computer VS desktop 3 Research-learning 4 Small size VS mobility 5 Notebook VS laptop 6 Computer VS mouse 7 Programming VS automation 8 Input devices VS output devices 9 Output devices VS printer 10 Scanner VS printer

A General – specific B Cause-consequence C Contrast D Equivalence E Method-purpose F Part-whole

Exercise 10. Write a summary of the given text following the guidelines below:

New Horizons of Kazakhstani Oil and Gas Science and Technology

(By Myrzakozha Diyas, KBTU Petroleum Chemistry Laboratory, Munara No 10, October 2004)

1. While a few years ago there was no money for petroleum science and technology, today the Government is substantially financing research and development. Another reality is the huge potential of Kazakhstani scientists and engineers – many prestigious prizes won, international recognition, promising inventions, patents, etc. Kazakhstan's economic difficulties are receding and its economy is on the rise. The recovery and growth of petrochemical engineering is an indicator of improving macroeconomic health.

2. But the progress is more difficult to measure in petroleum science and technology. This sector is viewed as the most vulnerable area. As explained by the regional manager of a major oil company, Kazakhstan can't even choose its own technology and operational policy, because all of the research and engineering has been done in Russia and still all the money for technology and science flows to Moscow and Ufa. One national company, for instance, cannot even choose the chemicals for its operations, since an institute in Ufa regularly makes it buy them from a small trading firm in Moscow, which in its turn buys very low quality polymer from petrochemical plants in the Urals and sells it at premium prices to the Kazakhstani national company. Meanwhile, this chemical is not ready-to-use and there are many high-tech excellence chemicals on the market from Shell, Infineum, Bakerpetrolite and others, for even cheaper prices.

3. Companies outsource to save money for functions they need, but can get cheaper elsewhere. Sometimes savings achieved are real, often because of lower wages and benefits paid to contract workers. Oftentimes such savings are illusory: hidden by management or wasted on inefficiencies arising out of the outsourcing arrangement. The human costs for those outsourced are quite real: thousands of local scientists and engineers are unemployed while companies are outsourcing R&D overseas. (R&D – research and development).

4. The main problem with petrochemical engineering in Kazakhstan is twofold: lack of money and lack of qualified staff. What the Government spends on scientific needs is hardly enough for more than employees' miserable monthly allowances. Another side of the problem is lack of people of enterprise, interested in promoting science, in meeting the technological needs of oil companies and governmental agencies. Qualified staff immigrated to other countries, while those remaining in Kazakhstan are losing their professional skills, trading at bazaars.

5. Although innovation can be a source of competitive advantage, the failure rate of innovative new products is high. One study of product development in 16 oil companies suggested that only about 20% of R&D projects ultimately attain commercial success. According to another study, about 60% of R&D projects reached technical completion, 30% got commercialized, and only 12% earned economic profits.

6. New product development is a risky process. The failure rate is higher for quantum product innovation than for incremental innovations. A quantum innovation is a radical departure from existing technology, such as soft nuclear treatment of heavy waxy oil instead of PPD plus heating treatment. Incremental innovation refers to an extension of existing technology.

7. Another reason for high failure rate of innovations is poor commercialization of new products because of their poor design and poor quality. For instance, in Kazakhstan there are hundreds of PPD patents, but not a single Kazakhstani PPD could be found in the upstream sector. Also, research labs and chemical/petrochemical plants are slow to get their new products and services to the market. Slow innovators update their products less frequently than fast innovators. Consequently, the former can be perceived as technical laggards as compared to the latter.

8. We need to foster creativity, set up university-style research facilities, where scientists and engineers are given opportunity to work on their own research projects. We at KBTU are doing our best to bridge the gap between Kazakhstani science/technology and industry. We have recently purchased new equipment for infrared spectroscopy of refinery operations, selection of proper chemicals to improve heavy and waxy crude, monitor environmental issues at the oil production sites.

Step 1. Introduce the subject of the article using the following:

The author of the article…discusses/describes/analyses; vulnerable areas, petrochemical engineering, choose own technology and operational policy

Step 2. Enumerate and briefly describe the main problems discussed by the author.

Choose from the following linkers:

Firstly, while, another problem/another side of the problem, main problem on the other hand, the author goes on to emphasize/say/ underscore, the reason for, although, as a result

Make use of the following key word combinations:

outsource R&D, save money, the costs of, scientists and engineers are unemployed,

petrochemical engineering, lack of qualified staff (money, people of enterprise), promote science, lose professional skills, innovative products, attain commercial success, poor commercialization, update products, technical laggards

Step III. In paragraph 8 the author suggests one way of resolving the problem of boosting science and technology. Sum up this paragraph using some of the following linkers:

The author concludes by suggesting, in conclusion the author shows one way of, the author favours …, he hopes that, he is confident that…

Make use of the following key word combinations:

foster creativity, university-style research facilities, work on research projects, bridge the gap

Step IV. Give your evaluation of the article/the author’s solution

Make use of the following key word combinations:

The article has … strong points, the author explains the reasons of …, the article contains excellent (incomplete, superficial) information about (analysis of), the author gives a clear picture of …, the article has … weaknesses/weak points, first (second, third)…, it was difficult to read because it (the problem of…, the idea of…) was not developed (stated, explained, shown, revealed, analysed) properly (completely, profoundly)

Step V. Based on the above activities write a summary of the article