- •Ministry of science and education of the republic of kazakhstan
- •Contents
- •Part a. General english
- •I. Writing an informal letter
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •4) Tips
- •5) Sample
- •6) Evaluation criteria
- •7) References
- •8) Exercises
- •9) Appendix useful language
- •II. Writing an e-mail
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Structure
- •3) Stages
- •4) Tips
- •5) Samples
- •6) Useful language Acronyms
- •7) Evaluation criteria
- •8) References
- •9) Exercises
- •10) Appendix
- •Internet Acronyms retrieved August 5, 2010 from http://www.Mcfedries.Com/Ramblings/email-jargon.Asp
- •III. Writing an sms message
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Features
- •Part b. Academic english
- •3) Paragraphs types
- •4) Stages of paragraph writing
- •5) Sample a Good Start
- •6) References
- •Http://elpweb.Com/materials/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/Writing_3_Activity_1.Pdf
- •7) Exercises
- •V. Writing an essay
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Types
- •3) Title
- •4) Structure
- •5) Tips
- •6) Sample
- •7) References
- •8) Exercises
- •VI. Writing a summary
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Stages
- •4) Structure
- •5) Sample
- •6) Tips
- •7) Evaluation criteria
- •8) References
- •9) Exercises
- •10) Appendix cliches for summarizng a text
- •VII. Writing a research paper
- •11) References/bibliography.
- •12) Documentation styles
- •13) References
- •14) Exercises
- •VIII. Graph description (ielts format)
- •1) Definition
- •6) References
- •7) Exercises
- •8) Appendix
- •Part c. Business english
- •IX. Writing a business letter
- •2) Structure/stages
- •3) Sample
- •4) How to begin/end a business letter
- •5) Business letter format
- •6) List of common phrases for business letters
- •7) References
- •5. Sample business letters. Retrieved October 16, 2010 from http://www.Writeexpress.Com/sample-business-letters.Html
- •8) Exercises
- •X. Writing a memo
- •1) Definition
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Parts of a memo:
- •4) Tips
- •5) Samples
- •Informal memo:
- •6) References
- •XI. Writing a report
- •1) Definition
- •2) Types
- •3) Structure
- •3) Stages
- •4) Report template
- •5) Sample report Report on Eco-Homes Project
- •6) References
- •7) Exercises
- •XII. Writing Minutes of a Meeting
- •1) Definition
- •2) Content
- •3) Tips
- •4) Useful language (verbs of reporting)
- •5) Samples
- •6) Sample minutes Minutes for 2002-1-21 Board of Directors meeting
- •7) References
- •XIII. Writing a press release
- •1) Definition
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Structure
- •4) Steps
- •5) Format
- •6) Tips
- •7) Warnings
- •8) Checklist
- •9) Press release sample
- •10) References
- •11) Exercises
- •Part 3. Keys
- •I. Writing an informal letter
- •II. Writing an e-mail
- •III. Writing an sms message
- •IV. Writing a paragraph
- •V. Writing an essay
- •VI. Writing a summary
- •VII. Writing a research paper
- •VIII. Graph description (ielts format)
- •IX. Writing a business letter
- •X. Writing a memo
- •XI. Writing a report
- •XII. Writing Minutes of a Meeting
- •XIII. Writing a press release
VI. Writing a summary
1) Definition/differentiation
Summary is a shortened or compressed version, in your own words, of something you have read; OR: a brief description of the main ideas of the summarized text in which details and repetitions should be omitted; OR: 10-30% compression of a whole text in your own words.
It should be differentiated from quoting and paraphrasing. Quoting is word-for-word
reproduction of the original source. Paraphrasing is reproduction of a small part of the text in
the same volume of detail in your own words.
2) Requirements
a) brevity (it conveys the textual information briefly – 10-30% compression of the original).
b) fidelity to the source (it represents the source accurately and comprehensively)
c) completeness (it covers all the important points made in the text).
d) objectivity (it does not reflect your own point of view)
3) Stages
1) Skim the article for general comprehension, identify the main topic and idea Find the main point of the article.
2) Re-read the article. Underline important ideas, circle key terms. Divide the article into sections and label each section in the margins, make up a plan. Cover briefly each point of the plan. Note the main idea of each paragraph if the article is short.
3) Write brief summaries of each section. This should become a brief outline of the article. While doing so, divide the information into:
- Key points: cite them literally
- Significant points: compress and rephrase them
- Minor points: omit them
4) Write the main point of the article in your own words (a sentence that expresses the central idea of the article as you have determined it from steps above).
5) Write a draft of the summary. Combine all the information.
6) Review the draft and finalize your summary.
4) Structure
A summary typically contains about 6 sentences falling into 3 Parts:
I. Introduction(author, source, title, topic, genre) and the "umbrella" sentence covering the whole text
II. Brief outline of issues, problems raised, approaches to dealing with them, research results.
III. Conclusion(the conclusion drawn by the author of the source, the summarizer's evaluation of the significance of the work, its target audience, analysis of the author's position and approach).
For some types of articles a summary typically has the following structure:
Part 1. Situation. It introduces the topic of the summary and answers the question: What are we talking about?
Part II. Problem Solution. Problem answers the question: a) Why are we talking about this? or b) What is the problem? Solution answers the question: What is to be/have been done?
Part III. Evaluation. It answers the question: How good is the solution?
5) Sample
Original text: 'At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls, often behind the referee's back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match.' [100 words]
Summary: Unsportsmanlike behaviour by footballers may cause hooliganism among spectators. [9 words] (How to 2007)