8) Appendix

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Upward trend	I I increase / to raise smth. to go up by/from/to to rise – rose - risen to step up / drive up to speed up to accelerate twofold/threefold to soar to skyrocket Climbed (to) To triple/double An upward trend A boom (a dramatic rise) Peaked (at) Reached a peak (of) Plateaued (at) Reached at/ plateau (at)
Downward trend	to go down by/from/to to/a decrease to decline / to go down to fall by/to/from to drop to sink to plummet / to plunge to slow down to come down Dip (to) Drop (to) Slump (to)/A slump A reduction Undergo a fall
Static condition	Maintain keep up ensure secure Level out (at) Remain stable (at) Remain steady (at) Stay constant (at) Maintain the same level Stand at Fluctuate (around)
Degree of change	Considerable/ly Substantial/ly Significant/ly Steep/ly Steady/ly Moderate/ly Slight/ly Negligible/ly Dramatic/ally Sharp/ly Huge/ly Enormous/ly Steep/ly Marked/ly Moderate/ly Minimal/ly swift/ly gradual/ly slow/ly extensive/ly rapid/ly partial/ly broad/ly comprehensive/ly
Effect of change	to sustain to accumulate to force to foster to facilitate to inhibit to curb to deteriorate to cut to adjust to cushion to reduce smth. to restrain to remain to revitalize to stabilize to shrink
Quantifiers	just under just over well under well over roughly nearly approximately around/ about As many as Twice as many Three times as many Not as many as … More/Far more/Much more/Many more A lot more/ Substantially more Considerably more Significantly more Slightly more Fractionally more quite as/just as nearly as/ almost as less/much less/far less/considerably less fractionally less
	quite as As many Twice as many Three times as many Not as many as … More Far more Much more Many more A lot more Substantially more Considerably more Significantly more Slightly more Fractionally more just as; nearly as; almost as
Succession	To begin with First of all First Secondly, thirdly, etc Then Next After that Finally
Correlation	Alternatively Otherwise In addition At the same time Concurrently

Part c. Business english

IX. Writing a business letter

1) DEFINITION: A piece of written communication between businesses.

2) Structure/stages

a) Determine the purpose of the letter - the main idea is to know why you are writing this letter: to advertise? To communicate a new business opportunity? To complain? To respond? Don’t digress from the reason why you are communicating with an organization or a person and write the content of the letter accordingly.

b) Write your or your organization’s name and address, and the date on the top right-hand corner unless you are writing on company stationery. Begin with a Salutation - the greeting within the letter. This greeting can be "Dear Sir or Madam" if you do not know the name of the person with whom you are in the process of establishing a communication. If you know the name, then begin with a "Dear Mr./Ms./Mrs. Last-Name". In case, the business relationship between you and the other person is on a first-name basis, use the first name.

c) The next part is the Reference/purpose of writing. In typical letters sent between organizations or letters sent by post, there is often an alphanumeric reference number. This can be an organization’s internal reference number. You can quote this reference in the body of the letter. Your organization’s internal reference number can also be quoted before the salutation part of the letter.

Useful phrases:

"With reference to your letter, ref num ABCD/03/07…"

"This is with reference to your letter, ref num ABCD/03/07, dated 12th March, 2007…".

"With reference to your advertisement in the Times, your letter of 23 ^rd March, …" with reference to your phone call today, …" "Thank you for your letter of March 5 …" "I am writing to inquire about/apologize for/confirm…"

d) Body

This is the actual communication that you are sending out. Keeping in mind the purpose of the letter, state the reason for the communication within the first paragraph of the letter body. Then in the subsequent paragraphs, you can write more. Be sure that the language used is formal and that your points are stated clearly, and concisely. Some useful phrases:

Requesting: Could you possibly? I would be grateful if you could

Agreeing to Requests: I would be delighted to

Giving Bad News: Unfortunately/I am afraid that

e) Enclosures

If you are attaching any documents along with the letter, please mention that at the end of the letter, after the Closing, in the format: "Encl:" followed by the list of the documents, other useful phrases: "I am enclosing…", "Please find enclosed…", "Enclosed you will find…"

f) Closing remarks

These remarks help create a platform for further interaction with statements such as "Looking forward to hearing from you", and "Please feel free to contact us with any queries, comments or suggestions" or "Thanks for your help" or "Looking forward to meeting you…". Please contact us again if we can help in any way/if there are any problems/if you have any questions".

g) Closure phrases

"Yours faithfully," (If you don't know the name of the person you're writing to) "Yours sincerely," (If you know the name of the person you're writing to),

"Best wishes", "Best regards", (If the person is a close business contact or friend) should be followed by your signature, name and designation

h) The envelope

The position of the address is the same like in the letter. Street, Road and Avenue can be written in abbreviations (St), (Rd) (Av). The postcode/zip code you write under the town. Write the name of the country in CAPITAL LETTERS. For example:

Mr Michael Warrens Software 78 Court St Nottingham WQ1 6P0 UNITED KINGDOM