11) References/bibliography.

References include sources which are actually cited in the paper; bibliography contains an alphabetical list of all other publications that you have read, but has not referred to.

Tips:

1) stick to the appropriate documentation style. Appendix(ces) include supporting evidence (completed questionnaires, an interview schedule, detailed statistical tables, etc.)

2) Make references to your appendices at an appropriate point in the main body of your report.

3) Do not include material as an appendix if it has not been mentioned in the main body of the report.

4) Avoid using appendices as a way of getting around the word limit. 4) If the material is essential to your argument it should be included in the main body of your report. Appendices should be used for tactical reasons not as "bins' for material that looks good but is largely irrelevant.

12) Documentation styles

Documentation style is a system of making in-text and after text references to the sources used. You must document any ideas, opinions, facts, or quotations that you take from sources. The only exception is information that is considered general knowledge by your paper’s audience.

The generally spread documentation styles are APA, MLA, Chicago and Number Style.

Although the specific formats for documenting sources depend on the documentation style being used, they all involve two elements:

1. In-text citations (i.e. citations within the text of the paper)

APA : (Marcuse, 1975, p. 197); Research by Fiona Pickle suggested … (1975)

MLA: (Marcuse 197); Research by Fiona Pickle suggested … (34).

2. Lists of sources - titled References (APA), Works Cited (MLA), or Bibliography (MLA), depending on the documentation style;

References (APA): Marcuse, S. (1975). A survey of musical instruments. New York: Harper & Row.

Works cited (MLA): Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper, 1975.

13) References

1. Blaxter, L., et al. How to Research. 3^rd ed. Open University Press, 2006.

2. Connon, J. Report Writing Guide. Aberdeen Business School: RGU, 2005.

3. Online Guide to Writing and Research. University of Maryland, 2005. Available from

http://www.umuc.edu/prog/ugp/ewp_writingcenter/writinggde/chapter4/chapter4-16.shtml

4. Executive Summaries: Common Mistakes. Retrieved February 14, 2011 from

http://www.korepetycje.com/summaries-mistakes.html

5. The Art of Writing Precis and Abstract. MGU Manual for senior students. Moscow, MGU 1996.

6. Writing up Research: Discussion. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from

http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21LIT.HTM

14) Exercises

Exercise 1. Mark the following statements as True or False:

1. Title page indicates the subject code.

2. Acknowledgements contain a summary of an article.

3. The purpose of an executive summary is to get the reader interested in reading the whole

paper.

4. Result section contains a summary of scholarly source material on a particular topic.

5. Data Interpretation is the process by which you put your own meaning in the data you have collected and analyzed.

6. Conclusion must contain new ideas or arguments.

7. Bibliography includes sources which are actually cited in the paper.

Exercise 2. Number the given research paper components appropriately:

1. Introduction ___

2. Results

3. Title page ____

4. Table of contents____

5. Materials and procedures____

6. Appendices ____

7. Literature review ____

8. Discussion ______

9. Abstract ____

10. Conclusion ____

11. References

Exercise 3. Complete the following tips for writing an abstract:

1. Keep the abstract _______ .

2. Write it as ______paragraph.

3. Do not use ________________.

4. Include citations or references only if ________________.

5. ______describe the subjects, the structure of the study, the methods, and procedures.

6. Summarize the main ______________, indicating whether they are significant.

7. Stick mainly to __________ tense form.

8. Do not present _____________ or explanation.

9. Never write the abstract ________________ person.

Exercise 4. Which of the following should be included into Introduction to the research paper?

a) names of the students who’ve done the project

b) problem

c) purpose of the research

d) aim and objectives

e) rationale of the research

f) description of the research method used

g) structure of the research paper

h design of the research

i) name of the supervisor

j) hypothesis and /or research questions

Exercise 5. Tick the purposes of Literature Review:

___a. to get ideas about the topic of your interest

___b. to interpret the research results

___c. to find interesting information produced by other researchers

___d. to get ideas about current approaches and methods

___e. to show your contribution

___f. to manifest the value of your research

___g. to highlight your research findings, recommendations

___h. to look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments in your topic

___i. to bring to mind the content of paper

___j. to evaluate and synthesize the existing information produced by others

Exercise 6. Mark the following statements as True or False:

1. Literature Review is a summary of scholarly source material on a particular topic.

2. The purpose of Literature review is to study the previous research works on your topic.

3. Theses and dissertations are good for tracing the problem.

4. Internet sources are focused on narrow topics.

5. The purpose of note taking is to record the ideas that will form the skeleton of your research paper.

6. Look for works that express a variety of viewpoints on your topic.

7. Prepare bibliography cards where you will write down your ideas.

8. When drafting the literature review section, organize your content according to individual publications.

9. Write multiple versions of troublesome sections to choose the best one for the final paper.

10. Periodically take a break from writing to maintain a fresh perspective and attain objectivity

Exercise 7. Mark the sections with appropriate letters Materials and Procedures – MP, Results - R, Discussion – D. The first is done for you.

1. MP covers the research design

2. ___ presents the data analysis results in an organized way.

3. ___ shows how was the data collected, from whom and where.

4. ___ answers any questions raised earlier in the paper.

5. ___ indicates what tasks were assigned, how they were done.

6. ___ shows the research statistics in diagrams, charts, etc.

7. ___ interprets the research results.

8. ___ analyzes the data collected.

9. ___ shows how data were processed.

10. ___ transforms data to extract useful information and facilitate conclusions.

Exercise 8. Choose the appropriate chronological sequence of writing a Conclusion

_______a) Leave the reader with a final thought.

_______b) Highlight a prediction about the future of the topic

_______c) Bring to mind the content of paper

______ d) Write a few paragraphs summarizing what you did and found

_______e) Show your contribution to the research

Exercise 9. Label the following sentences of Conclusion as follows:

Summary - S, contribution - C, prospects - D, limitations- L

____1. This article has attempted to show how students can be actively involved into the research, discovery, and exploration of vocabulary consolidation strategies.

____2. It is hoped that the form “action research” work illustrated will raise the students’ awareness of options available for to them, encourage them to experiment with alternative approaches, and take an active role in their own vocabulary learning.

___3. Additional research is needed to determine if strategy training programs for language learning, such as one described here, result in direct linguistic gains or perhaps rather more in indirect gains such as increased learning motivation, self-efficacy, awareness of language learning options, and awareness of oneself as a language learner. ___4. However, it can be said that the approach to strategy training and learner development described here proved to be, at a very least, motivating and enlightening for teacher and students alike.

(Abstract from Sarah Mercer “Vocabulary strategy work for advanced learners of English”//

English Teaching Forum, volume 43, number 2, 2005, p30)

Exercise 10. Match the parts of the tips for compiling appendix(ces). One is extra.

1	Make references to your appendices at…	A	…in the introduction part
2	Do not include material as an appendix if it has not been mentioned…	B	…an appropriate point in the main body of your report
3	Avoid using appendices as…	C	…in the main body of the report
4	If the material is essential to your argument it should be included…	D	…tactical reasons
5	Appendices should be used for…	E	…a way of getting around the word limit