- •Ministry of science and education of the republic of kazakhstan
- •Contents
- •Part a. General english
- •I. Writing an informal letter
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •4) Tips
- •5) Sample
- •6) Evaluation criteria
- •7) References
- •8) Exercises
- •9) Appendix useful language
- •II. Writing an e-mail
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Structure
- •3) Stages
- •4) Tips
- •5) Samples
- •6) Useful language Acronyms
- •7) Evaluation criteria
- •8) References
- •9) Exercises
- •10) Appendix
- •Internet Acronyms retrieved August 5, 2010 from http://www.Mcfedries.Com/Ramblings/email-jargon.Asp
- •III. Writing an sms message
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Features
- •Part b. Academic english
- •3) Paragraphs types
- •4) Stages of paragraph writing
- •5) Sample a Good Start
- •6) References
- •Http://elpweb.Com/materials/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/Writing_3_Activity_1.Pdf
- •7) Exercises
- •V. Writing an essay
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Types
- •3) Title
- •4) Structure
- •5) Tips
- •6) Sample
- •7) References
- •8) Exercises
- •VI. Writing a summary
- •1) Definition/differentiation
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Stages
- •4) Structure
- •5) Sample
- •6) Tips
- •7) Evaluation criteria
- •8) References
- •9) Exercises
- •10) Appendix cliches for summarizng a text
- •VII. Writing a research paper
- •11) References/bibliography.
- •12) Documentation styles
- •13) References
- •14) Exercises
- •VIII. Graph description (ielts format)
- •1) Definition
- •6) References
- •7) Exercises
- •8) Appendix
- •Part c. Business english
- •IX. Writing a business letter
- •2) Structure/stages
- •3) Sample
- •4) How to begin/end a business letter
- •5) Business letter format
- •6) List of common phrases for business letters
- •7) References
- •5. Sample business letters. Retrieved October 16, 2010 from http://www.Writeexpress.Com/sample-business-letters.Html
- •8) Exercises
- •X. Writing a memo
- •1) Definition
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Parts of a memo:
- •4) Tips
- •5) Samples
- •Informal memo:
- •6) References
- •XI. Writing a report
- •1) Definition
- •2) Types
- •3) Structure
- •3) Stages
- •4) Report template
- •5) Sample report Report on Eco-Homes Project
- •6) References
- •7) Exercises
- •XII. Writing Minutes of a Meeting
- •1) Definition
- •2) Content
- •3) Tips
- •4) Useful language (verbs of reporting)
- •5) Samples
- •6) Sample minutes Minutes for 2002-1-21 Board of Directors meeting
- •7) References
- •XIII. Writing a press release
- •1) Definition
- •2) Requirements
- •3) Structure
- •4) Steps
- •5) Format
- •6) Tips
- •7) Warnings
- •8) Checklist
- •9) Press release sample
- •10) References
- •11) Exercises
- •Part 3. Keys
- •I. Writing an informal letter
- •II. Writing an e-mail
- •III. Writing an sms message
- •IV. Writing a paragraph
- •V. Writing an essay
- •VI. Writing a summary
- •VII. Writing a research paper
- •VIII. Graph description (ielts format)
- •IX. Writing a business letter
- •X. Writing a memo
- •XI. Writing a report
- •XII. Writing Minutes of a Meeting
- •XIII. Writing a press release
Part b. Academic english
IV. WRITING A PARAGRAPH
1) DEFINITION/DIFFERENTIATION
A paragraph is a basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea. Such sentences are usually linked by logical connectives. A paragraph can be as short as one sentence or as long as ten sentences. The paragraph should be long enough to develop the main idea clearly. A paragraph may stand by itself (i.e. to answer a test question). A paragraph may also be one part of a longer price of writing such as a chapter of a book or an essay.
2) STRUCTURE
A paragraph has three major structural parts: 1) a topic sentence, 2) supporting sentences, and 3) a concluding sentence.
1) The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It names the topic of the paragraph and limits it to one or two specific areas called the controlling idea. Notice how the topic sentence of the model states both the topic and the controlling idea:
Topic Controlling idea
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.
The topic sentence is usually the first, the most important and the most general statement in the paragraph. The following is an example of a general statement that could serve a topic sentence:
The Arabic origin of many English words is not always obvious.
2) Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and quotations. Some of the supporting sentences that explain the topic sentence about gold are:
First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits.
3) The concluding sentencesignals the end of the paragraph and sums up the important points to remember:In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.
The concluding sentence is not absolutely necessary; in fact, a concluding sentence is not necessary for every paragraph in a multi-paragraph essay. However, it is helpful for the reader in single paragraphs, especially long ones. A concluding sentence serves three purposes:
It signals the end of paragraph.
It summarizes the main points of the paragraph.
It gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about.
3) Paragraphs types
Descriptiveparagraphs (explaining how someone or something looks or feels). The topic sentence names the object. The supporting sentences may describe its place, size, shape, colour, functions, appearance feelings caused, etc. The concluding sentence may sum up the general impression/feelings caused by the described object.
Process paragraphs (explaining how something is done) The topic sentence names the process and its importance, purpose. The supporting sentences describe the steps/stages you follow when performing the process. The concluding sentence may contain evaluation of the process.
Opinion paragraphs– an opinion is an idea or belief about a particular subject. Usually opinions are supported by facts. The topic sentence presents the opinion, the supporting sentences present the arguments in favour of the opinion. The concluding sentence reinforces the opinion stated in the topic sentence.
Comparison/contrast (advantages/disadvantages) paragraphs.To compare means to show the similarities between some objects. To contrast means to find differences between objects.
Problem/solution paragraphsexplain a problem and then propose a solution/solutions to the it. Usually requires more than one paragraph.