1. Look at the entries for the words in bold and choose the correct meaning.

1. In automatic signaling, the train itself activates the danger signals behind its path and then automatically changes them to warning or clear signals as it leaves each block.

as 1. как, который, что, 2. когда, в то время как, по мере того как; так как; в качестве.

2. The number of lights and the range of aspects available from one signal can vary depending on its purpose.

number число, количество; номер; выпуск (издания); цифра; показатель.

3. Apparatus on a train projects a safe stopping distance ahead, and continuously calculates maximum speed for maintenance of the headway between trains.

maintenance поддержание, сохранение, средства к существованию, поддержка, защита, текущий ремонт, эксплуатационные расходы.

4. Interlocking of switches and signals at crossings prevents the displaying of a clear signal for one route when clearance has already been given to a train on a conflicting route.

сlearance очистка; распродажа; таможенное свидетельство; оплата долга; зазор, просвет; холостой ход; разрешение; габарит; удар от ворот; преодоление препятствия.

2. Match the signal with its significance.

1. red	a) warning signal
2. yellow	b) clear signal
3. green	c) restrictive signal

3. Put in a preposition where necessary.

1. The earliest form of railroad signal was simply a flag ___ day or a lamp ___ night.

2. One early type of American signal consisted ___ a large ball that was hoisted to the top of a pole.

3. The number of lights and the range of aspects available from one signal can vary depending ___ its purpose.

4. Additional lights may be installed ___ the left or right of the main lights.

5. The railroad is divided ___ sections called blocks.

6. At the block divisions there are signals which indicate to an oncoming train whether it may enter ___ that section of track.

7. Electric current, fed into the section at one end, flows ___ a relay at the opposite end.

8. Track circuits are short-circuited by the wheels and axles of a train, putting the signals to the rear of the train ___ the danger aspect.

9. The train itself automatically changes the danger signals ___ warning or clear signals as it leaves each block.

10. In a typical moving block system, track devices transmit to receivers on each train continuous coded data ___ the status of trains ahead.

11. CTC is a system in which the signalling of a long section of railway is undertaken ___ one control point.

12. Early CTC centres con­tained one panoramic diagram of the area ___ control, with small lights to show the exact location of any trains on the line.

4. Join a phrase from a with one from b to make a sentence.

A B

1. Railroad signals are used	a) by the fixed length of each block section and is invariable.
2. Methods of controlling train operations	b) that only one train is allowed into each block section at a time.
3. The earliest form of railroad signal was	c) the displaying of a clear signal for one route when clearance has already been given to a train on a conflicting route.
4. Additional lights may be installed	d) evolved over many years of trial and error.
5. Interlocking of switches and signals at crossings and junctions prevents	e) to the left or right of the main lights to warn the driver of divergence ahead from the through track.
6. In a conventional automatic block system, permissible headway between trains is determined	f) to inform the train crew of track conditions ahead and to tell it how to operate the train.
7. The important principle which is followed is	g) simply a flag by day or a lamp at night.