- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 DC Electrics - Basic Principles
- •Introduction
- •Electromotive Force (EMF)
- •Current
- •Resistance
- •Factors Affecting the Resistance
- •Units of Resistance
- •Resistors
- •Power
- •Series and Parallel Circuits
- •Kirchoff’s Laws
- •Annex A
- •2 DC Electrics - Switches
- •Switches
- •Proximity Detectors
- •Time Switches
- •Centrifugal Switches
- •3 DC Electrics - Circuit Protection and Capacitors
- •Electrical Faults
- •Circuit Protection Devices
- •Fuses
- •The Cartridge Fuse
- •Spare Fuses
- •High Rupture Capacity (HRC) Fuses
- •Dummy Fuses
- •Current Limiters
- •Circuit Breakers
- •Reverse Current Circuit Breakers
- •Capacitors
- •Capacitance
- •Capacitor in a DC Circuit
- •Capacitor in an AC Circuit
- •Capacitors in Parallel
- •Capacitors in Series
- •4 DC Electrics - Batteries
- •Batteries
- •Secondary Cells
- •Lead Acid Battery
- •Alkaline Battery (Nickel Cadmium, NiCad)
- •Battery Checks
- •Battery Charging
- •Secondary Batteries Summary
- •5 DC Electrics - Magnetism
- •Magnetism
- •Temporary Magnets
- •Permanent Magnets
- •Permeability
- •Magnetism
- •The Molecular Structure of Magnets
- •The Magnetic Effect of a Current
- •The Corkscrew Rule
- •The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
- •The Right Hand Grasp Rule
- •The Strength of the Field of a Solenoid
- •Solenoid and Relay
- •The Forces on a Conductor Which is Carrying a Current
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 DC Electrics - Generators and Alternators
- •Electromagnetic Induction
- •Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
- •Faraday’s Law
- •Lenz’s Law
- •Simple Generator
- •Simple DC Generator
- •Characteristics of the Series Wound DC Generator
- •Commutator Ripple
- •Characteristics of the Shunt Wound DC Generator
- •A Compound Wound DC Generator
- •Flashing the Generator Field
- •Alternators
- •Voltage Control
- •Voltage Regulator Operation
- •Layout of a Generator System
- •Load Sharing Circuits
- •Operation of Load Sharing Circuit
- •7 DC Electrics - DC Motors
- •Electric Motors
- •Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
- •Practical DC Motor
- •Back EMF
- •Slow Start Resistor
- •Commutation
- •Series Wound Motors
- •Shunt Wound Motors
- •Starter-generator Systems
- •Actuators
- •Solenoid Actuators
- •Motor Actuator Construction
- •The Split Field Series Actuator
- •The Split Field Series Actuator Operation
- •Motor Actuators
- •Rotary Actuators
- •Linear Actuators
- •Actuator Brakes
- •Actuator Clutches
- •Visual Indicators Used with Linear Actuators
- •Visual Indicators Used with Rotary Actuators
- •Indicator Lights
- •Electromagnetic Indicators
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 DC Electrics - Aircraft Electrical Power Systems
- •Aircraft Electrical Power Systems
- •Dipole or Two Wire System
- •Single Pole (Unipole or Earth Return) System
- •Generators and Alternators
- •Voltage Regulators
- •Overvoltage Protection Unit
- •Generator Cut-out or Reverse Current Relay
- •Rectifiers
- •Inverters
- •The Generator Differential Cut-out
- •Generator (or Alternator) Warning Light
- •Generator (or Alternator) Master Switch
- •Monitoring Instruments
- •Ammeters and Voltmeters
- •The Battery
- •Bus Bars
- •Bus Bar Systems
- •Parallel Bus Bar System
- •Load Shedding
- •Generator or Alternator Failure
- •9 DC Electrics - Bonding and Screening
- •Bonding
- •The Static Discharge System or Static Wicks
- •Discharge of Static on Touchdown
- •Screening
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 DC Electrics - Specimen Questions
- •Questions – General 1
- •Questions – General 2
- •Answers – General 1
- •Answers – General 2
- •11 AC Electrics - Introduction to AC
- •Introduction
- •The Nature of Alternating Current
- •Terms
- •The Relationship of Current and Voltage in an AC Circuit
- •Resistance in AC Circuits
- •Inductance in AC Circuits
- •Inductive Reactance
- •Capacitance in AC Circuits
- •Capacitive Reactance
- •Impedance
- •Resonant Circuits
- •Summary
- •Power in AC Circuits
- •Power in a Purely Resistive Circuit
- •Power in a Purely Inductive Circuit
- •Power in a Capacitive Circuit
- •Power in a Practical AC Circuit
- •Power Factor
- •Power Factor Resume
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 AC Electrics - Alternators
- •Introduction to Aircraft Power Supplies
- •Generators / Alternators
- •Rotating Armature Alternator
- •Rotating Field Alternator
- •Alternator Output Rating
- •A Single Phase Alternator
- •Polyphase Circuits
- •Three Phase Alternator Connections
- •The Four Wire Star Connection
- •Delta Connected Alternator
- •Practical AC Generators
- •Brushed Alternators
- •Brushless Alternators
- •Frequency Wild Alternators
- •Obtaining a Constant Frequency Supply from a Frequency Wild System
- •Constant Frequency Alternators
- •Constant Speed Generator Drive Systems
- •CSDU Fault Indications in the Cockpit
- •The Drive Disconnect Unit (Dog Clutch Disconnect)
- •Variable Speed Constant Frequency Power Systems (VSCF)
- •Self-excited Generators
- •Load Sharing or Paralleling of Constant Frequency Alternators
- •Real Load
- •Reactive Load
- •Parallel Connection
- •Before Connecting in Parallel
- •Layout of a Paralleled System
- •Real Load Sharing
- •Reactive Load Sharing
- •Load Sharing General
- •Alternator Cooling
- •Generator Fault Protection
- •Bus Tie Breakers (BTBs)
- •Discriminatory Circuits
- •Differential Fault Protection
- •Synchronizing Units
- •Generator Failure Warning Light
- •Load Meters
- •Voltage and Frequency Meters
- •Generator Control Unit (GCU)
- •Emergency Supplies
- •The Ram Air Turbine (RAT)
- •The Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
- •The Static Inverter
- •Ground Power Constant Frequency Supply System
- •Typical Controls and Indications
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 AC Electrics - Practical Aircraft Systems
- •Power Distribution
- •The Split Bus System
- •Parallel Bus Bar System
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 AC Electrics - Transformers
- •Transformers
- •Transformation Ratio
- •Power in a Transformer
- •Three Phase Transformers
- •Autotransformers
- •Rectification of Alternating Current
- •Half Wave Rectification
- •Full Wave Rectification
- •Three Phase Rectifiers
- •Transformer Rectifier Units (TRUs)
- •Inverters
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 AC Electrics - AC Motors
- •Alternating Current Motors
- •The Principle of Operation of AC Motors
- •The Synchronous Motor
- •The Induction Motor
- •The Squirrel Cage Rotor
- •The Induction Motor Stator
- •Slip Speed
- •Starting Single Phase Induction Motors
- •Fault Operation
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 AC Electrics - Semiconductors
- •An Introduction to Semiconductors
- •Conductors and Insulators
- •Semiconductors
- •N-Type Material
- •P-Type Material
- •Current Flow
- •The P-N Junction
- •Reverse Bias
- •Forward Bias
- •The Junction Diode
- •The Bipolar or Junction Transistor
- •Summary
- •17 AC Electrics - Logic Gates
- •An Introduction to Logic Gates
- •Binary Logic
- •Truth Tables
- •Gate Symbols
- •Positive and Negative Logic
- •The ‘AND’ Gate
- •The ‘OR’ Gate
- •The ‘INVERT’ or ‘NOT’ Gate
- •The ‘NAND’ Gate
- •The ‘NOR’ Gate
- •The ‘EXCLUSIVE OR’ Gate
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Index
10 Questions
Questions – General 2
|
1. |
In a direct current generating system the voltage regulator controls the system |
||
|
|
voltage within prescribed limits: |
||
|
|
a. |
regardless of varying engine RPM and electrical load by inserting a variable |
|
|
|
|
resistance in the generator field winding |
|
|
|
b. |
by means of a relay which closes contacts in the output circuit when a |
|
|
|
|
prescribed voltage is reached |
|
|
|
c. |
of the generator rotor speed |
|
|
|
d. |
by a variable resistance which limits the voltage given by the battery |
|
|
2. |
A generator cut-out is fitted: |
||
|
|
a. |
to isolate the battery on touchdown |
|
|
|
b. |
to prevent the battery from being overcharged |
|
|
|
c. |
to allow the generator to be isolated in a crash |
|
10 |
|
d. |
to prevent the battery feeding back into the generator when its voltage is |
|
|
|
above the generator voltage |
||
Questions |
|
|
||
3. |
A generator cut-out contacts will close: |
|||
|
||||
|
|
a. |
with an increase in battery voltage |
|
|
|
b. |
with an increase in generator voltage |
|
|
|
c. |
at flight idle only |
|
|
|
d. |
with an increase in generator current |
|
|
4. |
Failure of an aircraft generator is indicated by: |
||
|
|
a. |
a red warning light lighting and the ammeter showing zero or discharge |
|
|
|
b. |
a red warning light going out and the ammeter showing a discharge |
|
|
|
c. |
a current limiter tripping |
|
|
|
d. |
a circuit fuse blowing |
|
|
5. |
On a twin-engine aircraft with a generator fitted to each engine, if the starboard |
||
|
|
generator fails,: |
||
|
|
a. |
the fuel cross feed cocks close |
|
|
|
b. |
the starboard engine cuts (stops) |
|
|
|
c. |
the port engine will cut |
|
|
|
d. |
both engines will run normally |
|
|
6. |
On an earth return aircraft wiring circuit: |
||
|
|
a. |
the negative pole is connected to the aircraft structure |
|
|
|
b. |
the positive pole is connected to the aircraft structure |
|
|
|
c. |
the negative pole is connected to the positive pole |
|
|
|
d. |
two fuses are needed |
|
|
7. |
In a dipole aircraft wiring circuit if the conductors are bridged: |
||
|
|
a. |
an item of electrical equipment would be burned out |
|
|
|
b. |
no immediate action is necessary |
|
|
|
c. |
the item of electrical equipment would operate normally |
|
|
|
d. |
the fuse or circuit breaker in that circuit will blow |
154
|
|
Questions |
|
10 |
|
|
8. |
A circuit breaker that has tripped due to overload: |
|||||
|
|
|
||||
|
a. |
cannot be reset unless the circuit has returned to normal |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
will not be able to be reset in the air |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
will reset itself when the circuit returns to normal |
|
|
|
|
|
d. |
must be replaced |
|
|
|
|
9. |
When changing a blown fuse: |
|
|
|
||
|
a. |
it is changed with one of a lower rating |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
the press to reset button is operated |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
leave circuit switched on |
|
|
|
|
|
d. |
it is changed with one of the correct rating |
|
|
|
|
10. |
As the speed of an electric motor increases the back EMF will: |
|
|
|
||
|
a. |
remain the same |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
fluctuate |
10 |
|||
|
c. |
increase |
||||
|
|
|
|
|||
|
d. |
decrease |
|
Questions |
||
11. |
The output of a shunt wound generator: |
|
||||
|
|
|
||||
|
a. |
will rise gradually as load is applied |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
will remain constant as load is applied |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
will vary with generator speed |
|
|
|
|
|
d. |
will fall gradually as load is applied |
|
|
|
|
12. |
Load shedding is: |
|
|
|
||
|
a. |
increasing circuit resistance |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
transferring the loads between generators |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
reducing the load voltage |
|
|
|
|
|
d. |
overall reductions of the loads on the system |
|
|
|
|
13. |
An inertia switch on an aircraft will operate: |
|
|
|
||
|
a. |
when selected by the pilot or flight engineer |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
automatically in flight |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
during an emergency or crash landing |
|
|
|
|
|
d. |
in flight only |
|
|
|
|
14. |
The purpose of electrical bonding on aircraft is: |
|
|
|
||
|
a. |
to directly earth the positive lead |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
to prevent compass malfunctioning and to gather local static charges |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
to isolate all components electrically and therefore make the static potential |
|
|
|
|
|
|
constant |
|
|
|
|
|
d. |
to provide a low resistance path for earth return circuits and safely dissipate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
local static charges and lightning strikes |
|
|
|
|
15. |
Electrical components of aircraft systems are screened to: |
|
|
|
||
|
a. |
bond the circuit to reduce risk of fire |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
prevent them interfering with the function of radio equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
prevent short circuits interfering with aircraft equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
d. |
prevent engine malfunctions |
|
|
|
155
10
Answers 10
Answers
Answers – General 1
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
c |
d |
a |
c |
c |
c |
d |
a |
d |
a |
c |
b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
d |
c |
a |
b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Answers – General 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
a |
d |
b |
a |
d |
a |
d |
a |
d |
c |
b |
d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
14 |
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c |
d |
b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
156
AC ELECTRICS
ATPL GROUND TRAINING SERIES
-
+ +
+
11 AC Electrics -Introduction to AC
AC to Introduction - Electrics AC 11
158