1. Distinctive features of the non-finite forms of the English verb. The Infinitive: Combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions of the infinitive. Functions of the Infinitive in the sentence. (Кузнецова М.)

2. Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence. (Мартинян Л.)

3. The English participles: combination of nominal & adjectival features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; functions of the participle in the sentence. (Мордвинова К.)

4. Participial constructions & their functions in the sentence. (Наумкина Д.)

5. The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.(Нефедова Д.)

6. The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs. (Оточина О.)

7. Modal verbs expressing Possibility, Permission, Probability (Can, May, Could, Might). (Севасатьянова С.)

8. Modal verbs of Obligation (Must, Be to, Have to, Have got to) (Сметанина К.)

9. Should & Ought to: their meanings, usage, combination with different forms of the infinitive. (Хабибуллина Н.)

10. Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need. (Якупова В.)

11. The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.

12. Rules of agreement between the subject and the predicate.

13. The attribute, the Apposition, the object.

14. Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.

15. The composite sentence; the Complex & Compound sentences, means of clause connection & semantic interrelations between them in the complex sentence.

16. The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.

17. The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, concession, result, manner, comparison. (Якупова В.)

18. The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses. (Хабибуллина Н.)

19. The Conditionals: the main types. Mixed conditionals. (Сметанина К.)

20. The use of forms expressing unreality in adverbial clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, the Use of forms in a special type of exclamatory sentences. (Севастьянова С.)

21. The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions. (Оточина О.)

22. The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions. (Нефедова Д.)

23. The passive voice: types of passive constructions in English, their functions. Delimitation between the verb in the passive voice & the compound nominal predicate. (Наумкина Д.)

24. Sequence of tenses in reported speech. (Мордвинова К.)

25. Tense & aspect of the verb: the simple (indefinite aspect) and the perfect aspect. (Мартинян Л.)

26. The continuous and perfect continuous aspect. Verbs not used in the continuous form. (Кузнецова М.)

1)Distinctive features of the non-finite forms of the English verb. The Infinitive: Combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions of the infinitive. Functions of the Infinitive in the sentence.

The verb has finite & non-finite forms. The finite forms have the categories of Tense, Aspect & Mood and agree with the subject of the sentence in Person & Number. The non-finite forms have only some of these categories namely the Voice & Aspect. They cannot serve as the predicate of th sentence. There are 3 non-f forms in eng: the Infinitive, he Participle I, II, the Gerund.

The infinitive - is a plane verb stem, the formal marker of which is particle “to”. However, there are cases when the infinitive is used without “to”, then it is called the bare infinitive:

1) after auxiliary verbs “I will do it”

2) after modal verbs, except the word “ought to”, “I must do it”

3) after the verbs “to led”, “to make” ( in the meaning to ?) and “need” and “dare” in the modal meaning.

4) after the verbs of sense perception – feel, hear, see in the complex object ( I saw him cross the street)

5) “Why”, “why not” (Why not come and see him?)

The nominal character of the infinitive is manifested in its syntactic functions:

as a subject: to go on like this was dangerous.

as a predicative: Her plan was now to drive to Bath during the night.

as an object: I have never learnt to read or write.

The Infinitive may also be used:

as an adverbial modifier: He was too tired to work.

as an attribute: Joe is a person to lean on.

The verbal characteristics of the Infinitive are as follows:

• The Inf. of the transitive verbs can take a direct object: He began to feel some curiosity.

• The Inf. can be modified by an adverb: I cannot write so quickly.

The infinitive doesn`t have the category of tense, its tense`s distinctions are relative. The simple infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the predicate of the sentence. “I am/will/was glad to speak to you. I am glad to be spoken to.” The continuous infinitive shows an action in progress which is simultaneous with the action, expressed with the predicate ( “I am glad to be speaking to you/я рад, что с вами сейчас разговариваю”). The perfect infinitive expresses an action which is prior to the action expressed by the predicate on the sentence. “I am glad to have spoken to you/я рад, что поговорил с вами. I am glad to have been spoken to/Я рад, что со мной поговорили.” The perfect continuous infinitive expresses an action in progress, which began before the action expressed by the predicate of the sentence. “I am glad to have been speaking to you”.

Simple	to do	to be done
Continuous	to be doing	----------
Perfect	to have done	to nave been done
Perf. Cont.	to have been doing	----------

The Voice distinctions of the Infinitive:

The Infinitive of the transitive verbs has special forms of the Active and the Passive voice: It is so glorious to love and be loved. In sentences beginning with there is the infinitives of some verbs used in the AV can relate the passive meaning (this is a tendency in colloquial Eng): There is no time to lose. There is no time to be lost.

Syntactic functions:

1. a subject: Not to accept their offer would be foolish.

2. a predicative: To know everything is to know nothing.

3. the part of a compound verbal predicate: Imprisonment began to tell upon him.

4. an object: He asked me to walk in.

5. the part of the CO: I never saw you act this way before.

6. an attribute: She was not a woman to suffer in silence.

7. an adverbial modifier (of purpose or result): I called Tom to tell him a plan (purpose). I was too busy to see anyone (result).

8. a parenthesis: To put this mildly, he was not up to the mark.

2)Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence.

There are three Infinitive constructions in Modern English:

The Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction is a syntactic structure in which the Infinitive is in the predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence it functions as a complex object. I’ve never seen him lose his temper. – Я никогда не видел, чтобы он выходил из себя. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is used:

1. after the verbs denoting sense perception (to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, etc.):

I heard Mother come in. Jane watched him place the hat upon his head. However, if a process is expressed, Participle I Indefinite Active is used: I saw him run — Я видел, как он пробежал.

I saw him running — Я видел, как он бежал (Я видел его бегущим).

2. after the verbs denoting mental activity (to know, think, believe, suppose, find, trust, etc.):

I believe him to have no conscience. I have never known her to be late before.

3. after the verbs of declaring (to pronounce, to declare, to report):

The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.

4. after the verbs denoting wish and intention (to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend):

I want you to come and dine with me. He intended me to go to India with him.

5. after the verbs and expressions denoting feeling and emotion (to (dis)like, love, hate, cannot bear, etc.): I hate him to talk this way.

6. after the verbs denoting order and permission (to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, etc.):

The colonel ordered the troops to move back.

7. after the verbs of compulsion (to make, to cause, to get, to have):

The noise caused her to awake. I had him paint the kitchen.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction (the Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) is a construction in which the Infinitive is in the predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence. The Infinitive here stands after the Predicate which, in the majority of cases, is in the Passive Voice. Thus this construction may be called “split” since its parts are detached. When translating this construction into Russian we usually begin with the predicate:

Edith is said to resemble me. – Говорят, что Эдит похожа на меня.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used with the following groups of verbs in the Pass.Voice:

1. with the verbs denoting sense perception (to see, to hear, etc):

The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.

2. with the verbs denoting mental activity (to think, consider, know, expect, believe, etc.):

He was thought to be honest and kind.

3. with the verb to make in the causative meaning: Little Dora was made to put on her coat.

4. with the verbs to say and to report: The President is reported to arrive on Friday.

5. with the expressions to be likely, to be sure, to be certain: He is sure to marry her.

6. with the following pairs of synonyms: to seem = to appear, to happen = to chance, to prove = to turn out, which are used in the Active Voice: We happened to see Jack yesterday.

The for-to-Infinitive Construction is a construction in which the Infinitive is in the predicate relation to a noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition for. Its use is not preconditioned by certain lexical groups of verbs, so its syntactic functions in a sentence are numerous:

1. subject (often with the introductory it): It would be difficult for me to ask about it / For me to ask would be difficult.

2. predicative: That was for him to find out.

3. complex object: He waited for her to speak.

4. attribute: The best thing for you to do is to hide here.

5. adverbial modifier:

1. of purpose: He stepped aside for me to pass.

2. of result: The temptation was too great for me to resist.

In translating this construction into Russian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used.

He waited for her to speak. – Он ждал, пока она заговорит. There is nobody here for him to play with. – Здесь нет никого, с кем он мог бы поиграть.

3)The English participles: combination of nominal & adjectival features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; functions of the participle in the sentence.

The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial nature. The adjectival or adverbial nature of the Participle is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of an attribute or an adverbial modifier. I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof (an attribute)

Having garaged his car, he remembered that he had not lunched (an adverbial modifier of time)

The verbal characteristics of Participle I are as follows: 1) it can take an object: Opening the door, he went out. 2) it can be modified by an adverb: Leaving the room hurriedly, he ran out.

There are two participles in English — participle I (present or –ing participle) and participle II (past or ‑ed participle). The forms of participle I coincide with those of the gerund:

а) the simple (indefinite) active: reading; b) the simple (indefinite) passive: being read;

с) the perfect active: having read; d) the perfect passive: having been read.

Participle I Indefinite (A & P) usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past or future:

When reading The Pickwick Papers I can’t/ couldn’t help laughing.

Or it may denote an action referring to no particular time: The last turning will bring you into a road leading to London.

Participle I Perfect (Active and Passive) denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together.

With some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to turn, etc. we use Participle I Indefinite to express priority: Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs.

Participle II of most verbs has only one form and has no tense and voice distinctions. If the verb is regular, we add ‑ed (-d) to the infinitive: work — worked. Participle II of irregular verbs is their "third" form which can express an action simultaneous with or prior to the action expressed by the finite verb, or referring to no particular time: Her eyes fixed on the wall reminded him of a portrait seen in the gallery. It should be noted that some irregular verbs have two different forms of participle II. Some verbs have different participle forms for verbal and adjectival use: drunk/drunken, shaved/shaven, shrunk/ shrunken, sunk/sunken.

To a certain degree, the snt functions of Participles overlap:

1. an attribute: He answered through the locked door (P II).

2. an adverbial modifier:

• of time:. If found she would be arrested for murder.

• of cause: Having been in that line myself, I understood it.

• of manner and attendant circumstances (mostly P I Indef): John was silent, looking at her hands.

• of comparison: This was said as if thinking aloud. He stood there motionless, as though lost in

admiration.

- of concession (Participle II): Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.

3. a predicative: The effect of her words was terrifying. They feel depressed and plagued by the office politics (Participle II forms a compound nominal predicate together with a link verb)

4. a part of a complex object: I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs.

I have found her changed .

5. parenthesis (a participial phrase – only P I): Generally speaking, I don’t like such people.

Note: British vs. American Grammar

With Participle II of some verbs attention should be paid to the differences existing between British and American English in their usage:

1.The Verb to Get

Its Participle II in British English is got, in American English it is gotten: UK: He's got much better at playing tennis. US: He's gotten much better at playing tennis.

2. Past Simple/Past Participles

The following verbs have two acceptable forms of the past simple/past participle in both Am and Br English, however, the irregular form is generally more common in BrE (the first form of the two) and the regular form is more common in AmE: burn – burnt/burned; dream – dreamt/dreamed; lean – leant/leaned; smell – smelt/smelled; spell –spelt/spelled; spill – spilt/spilled; learn – learnt/learned; spoil – spoilt/spoiled.

4)Participial constructions & their functions in the sentence.

In Modern English there are the following predicative constructions with Participles I and II:

• The Objective Participial Construction;

• The Subjective Participial Construction;

• The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction;

• The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.

The Objective Participial Construction is a construction in which Participles I and II is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case:

In the next berth she could hear her stepmother breathing heavily. – Ей было слышно, (что?) как на соседней полке тяжело дышит ее мачеха.

In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. It usually corresponds to a subordinate object clause in Russian. The Objective Participial Construction may be found:

1/ after verbs denoting sense perception: I heard my wife coming.

2/ after some verbs of mental activity (to consider, to understand): I consider myself engaged.

3/ after verbs denoting wish (to want, to wish, to desire) – only Participle II is used here: The governor wants it done quickly.

4/ after the verbs to have and to get: I had my coat altered.

The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the Participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to the subject of the sentence. The predicate of the sentence has the Passive Voice form. In rendering this construction into Russian, the indefinite-personal sentence (неопределенно-личное предложение) is generally used.

They were heard talking together. – Слышали, как они разговаривают.

The nominal part of the construction performs the function of the subject, while the verbal part expressed by the participle performs the function of part of а compound verbal predicate.

The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; which, however, is not the subject of the sentence.

The door being open, we looked in. – Так как дверь была открыта, мы заглянули внутрь.

This construction is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time, cause, condition and attendant circumstances. The use of this construction is restricted to fiction and scientific literature.

The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction is introduced by the preposition with. It is rendered in Russian by a coordinate clause or adverbial participle (деепричастный оборот). In the sentence it plays the role of an adverbial modifier (the detached adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances).

The daughter sat silent, with her eyes fixed on the ground. – Дочь сидела молча, уставившись в землю.

Participle I indefinite and participle II are generally used after with. Both the absolute construction and the prepositional absolute construction can be used without a participle:

She stood very erect, her body absolutely stiff with fury. She came into the room, her face pale.