- •2)Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence.
- •5)The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •3. Can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objection to my seeing her?
- •Verbal qualities
- •6)The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs.
- •7)Modal verbs expressing Possibility, Permission, Probability (Can, May, Could, Might).
- •8)Modal verbs of Obligation (Must, Be to, Have to, Have got to)
- •9)Should & Ought to: their meanings, usage, combination with different forms of the infinitive.
- •10)Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.
- •11/1)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •11/2)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •12)Rules of agreement between the subject and the predicate.
- •3. Types of Objects
- •14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.
- •15)The composite sentence; the Complex & Compound sentences, means of clause connection & semantic interrelations between them in the complex sentence.
- •16)The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.
- •17)The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.
- •18)The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses.
- •Simple Sentence (synthetic forms are more frequently used).
- •II. Complex Sent.
- •20)The use of forms expressing unreality in adverbial clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, the Use of forms in a special type of exclamatory sentences.
- •21)The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions.
- •22)The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions.
- •23)The passive voice: types of passive constructions in English, their functions. Delimitation between the verb in the passive voice & the compound nominal predicate.
- •24)Sequence of tenses in reported speech.
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
10)Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.
Shall
1. Offers, requests for instructions (?) Shall I make you a cup of tea?
2. Emotional promises, threats. (2, 3 person – old use) You shall answer for what you did.
3. Willingness, intention (1 person – BE, old use) I shan’t tell you anything.
In modern English the modal meaning of obligation in shall is always combined with the function of an auxiliary verb of the future tense.
Shall is still used to express obligation with the second and third persons, but at present it is not common in this meaning in spoken English. Its use, as a rule, is restricted to formal or even archaic style and is mainly found in subordinate clauses
e.g. It has been decided that the proposal shall not be opposed.
At present, this meaning of obligation is modified. It is found with the 2nd and 3rd persons in sentences expressing promise, threat or warning. It is used in affirmative and negative sentences and combined with the simple infinitive.
e.g. He shall do as I say.
The meaning of obligation may also be traced in interrogative sentences where shall is used with the 1st and 3rd persons to ask after the will of the person addressed. It’s also followed by the simple infinitive.
e.g. Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Miss Fleur?
Sentences of this kind are usually rendered in Russian with the help of the infinitive: Принести вам еще кофе? Кому отвечать по телефону? etc.
Will
1.Polite request. Will/Would you close the door, plz?
2.Command, order. Will you keep quiet! You will apologize to Aunt Mary!
3.Intention, willingness. I will have it my way, no matter what you say.
4.Refusal. I won’t talk to him.
5.Resistance, failure in functioning. The pen won’t write.
6.A person’s habit; natural behavior of things. When I was a kid, my Dad would tell me nice stories which he invented himself.
7.Disapproval of an annoying habit or behavior. Ben would talk shop anyplace. That’s him all over. ; I forgot to mail you letter. – You would!
8.Certainty, probability (referring to the Pres or Fututre) This will be Jerry’s house. Let’s ring the bell.
Dare
Dare can function as a modal verb, a defective verb and as a regular verb.
As a defective verb it functions in 2 forms: Present and Past. Its use is very restricted. In present-day English it is mainly found in questions beginning with how, which are actually exclamations, and in negative sentences.
e.g. How dare you say that!
Dare as a regular verb has all the necessary forms. . Its use is also restricted. It is mainly found in negative sentences.
e.g. He does not dare to come here again.
Note the colloquial set phrase / dare say.
e.g. I dare say I looked a little confused.
Need
1. Necessity (?, -) Need we stay here? You needn’t return this book now. (BE)
2. When a gerund after NEED expresses its passive meaning. Your hair needs cutting.
3. Need +Perf. Inf: unnecessary action which was performed (-) You needn’t have come so early.
Need + Perf. Inf = wasn’t necessary, but was done
Didn’t need to = wasn’t necessary, but UNKNOWN whether it was done or not.