- •2)Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence.
- •5)The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •3. Can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objection to my seeing her?
- •Verbal qualities
- •6)The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs.
- •7)Modal verbs expressing Possibility, Permission, Probability (Can, May, Could, Might).
- •8)Modal verbs of Obligation (Must, Be to, Have to, Have got to)
- •9)Should & Ought to: their meanings, usage, combination with different forms of the infinitive.
- •10)Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.
- •11/1)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •11/2)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •12)Rules of agreement between the subject and the predicate.
- •3. Types of Objects
- •14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.
- •15)The composite sentence; the Complex & Compound sentences, means of clause connection & semantic interrelations between them in the complex sentence.
- •16)The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.
- •17)The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.
- •18)The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses.
- •Simple Sentence (synthetic forms are more frequently used).
- •II. Complex Sent.
- •20)The use of forms expressing unreality in adverbial clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, the Use of forms in a special type of exclamatory sentences.
- •21)The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions.
- •22)The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions.
- •23)The passive voice: types of passive constructions in English, their functions. Delimitation between the verb in the passive voice & the compound nominal predicate.
- •24)Sequence of tenses in reported speech.
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
22)The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions.
The article is a word that serves as a noun determiner alongside with such determiners as demonstrative, possessive & indefinite pronouns. The article is one the main means of expressing the idea of definiteness & indefiniteness in English.
Phonetic variants:
‘A' and 'an' function as the indefinite forms of the grammatical article in the English language and can also represent the number one. If the following word starts with a consonant sound, then we say a. If the following word starts with a vowel sound, then we say an.
Before words beginning with consonants we pronounce " ðə " with a short sound schwa (as in "uh"). But when "the" comes before a vowel sound, we pronounce it as a long " ði ". When we wish to place emphasis on a particular word, we can use "emphatic the" [ði], whether or not the word begins with a consonant or vowel sound.
Grammatical meaning:
The meaning of the indefinite article is that of generalization. The invariable meaning of the definite article is that of restriction and concretisation. The meaning of zero article – abstraction.
The indefinite article
Nominating function – it serves to name an object or to state what kind of object is meant. He gave her a cigarette.
Aspective function – (with countable nouns) – serves to bring out a special aspect of the notion expressed by the noun. He had almost a supernatural courage.
The definite article
The individualizing function – (with countable nouns) – the definite article serves to single out an object or several objects from all objects of the same class. Margo took up the telephone.
The generic function - (with uncountable nouns in the singular) – serves to indicate that the noun becomes a composite image of the class: The tiger has always had the reputation of being a man-eater.
Restricting function- (with uncountable nouns) – the definite article restricts the material denoted by a concrete uncountable noun to a definite quantity, portion or to a definite locality: He slowly pulled on his gloves, concentrating on each fold in the leather.
Absence of the articles(the Zero Article)
The nominating function – (both with countable and uncountable nouns) – it is parallel to the use of the indefinite article with singular countable nouns. The place smelled of dust.
Functions:
The articles have two syntactic functions:
the articles separates the noun phrase from other parts of the sentence: John has bought a magazine/ an interesting magazine/ an interesting English magazine.
the article may connect sentence within a text by correlating a noun it modifies with some word or a group of words in the previous context: John has bought a book. The book is interesting.
The article also has the communicating function.
A noun with the indefinite article may introduce new information in the sentence: it is then the focus of communication: A pretty girl of about eight ran into the room.
A noun with the definite article in the initial position usually indicates given information and is not the focus of communication: The girl ran into the room.