3. Types of Objects

= the direct object immediately follows the predicate. It is non-prepositional and is used after transitive verbs denoting a person or a thing directly affected by the action of the verb. If a transitive verb takes only one object expressed by a noun or pronoun without a preposition, it is always a direct object: She was busy packing upstairs.

Note2. There are a few English verbs which can have two direct objects: I asked him his name. Forgive me this question. She taught them French.

= the indirect object is a non-prepositional object placed between the predicate verb and direct object indicating the person who is the receiver of the object. It is used with transitive verbs which take a direct object: They offered Ed a new job.

Note 3. There are three verbs which may take an indirect object without any direct object: to read, to sing, to write: She often reads to me. Won’t you sing to me? Write to me as soon as possible.

As a rule, the indirect object comes before the direct object. However, when the direct object precedes the indirect object the latter is used with the preposition to and sometimes for. We use this structure, for example when we want to give special emphasis to the indirect object: I’ll give it to Mary, not Peter.

Note4. After such verbs as to announce, to ascribe, to attribute, to communicate, to dedicate, to dictate, to disclose, to explain, to interpret, to introduce, to point out, to relate, to repeat, to submit, to suggest the indirect object is used with the preposition to even when it comes before the direct object: The professor explained to us some difficult rules in French.

= the prepositional object does not always express the addressee of the action and is used mainly with intransitive verbs, as well as adjectives, words denoting state and nouns of verbal origin: He was afraid of dogs. I am uneasy about it.

Note 5. The direct and the prepositional object may be simple and complex. The complex object consists of two components forming an indivisible sentence unit: I saw Ann turn pale. I want you to come here.

= the cognate object is a special kind of object in English which is used with intransitive verbs though having no preposition; it is expressed by a noun of the same root or similar to the verb in meaning and is regularly attended by an attribute (to smile a sad smile, to laugh a bitter laugh, to die a violent death, etc.):They lived a simple life.

14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.

The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies verbs, adjectives and adverbs and specifies the circumstances of a happening.

Ways of Expression

= an adverb: He’ll be here tomorrow.

= a noun with or without accompanying words: He walked miles to find the doctor.

= a prepositional phrase: He came here by taxi.

= a noun, pronoun, adjective, infinitive, participle, or prepositional phrase with a subordinating conjunction: When tired, he has his supper in his room.

= a participle or a participial phrase: Turning away, she caught sight of him.

=.a the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction: He burst in, the terror written on his face.

b the Nominative Absolute Construction: He stood, his eyes brightly proud.

c the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction: He looked at him, with his whole face breathing short and quick in every feature.

d the Prepositional Absolute Construction: He rushed forward, with fury in his eye.

= a prepositional phrase or construction with a gerund: He left without speaking.

= an infinitive, an infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction: I was too tired to go for a walk.

Types of Adverbial Modifiers

the AM of time: I’ll give you a telephone call tonight.

the AM of frequency: He seldom spoke with such frankness.

the AM of place and direction: He found himself in a lonely street.

the AM of manner: She was crying bitterly.

the AM of attending (attendant) circumstances: It is very romantic to take a walk by moonlight.

the AM of degree and measure: He came back home pretty late last night.

the AM of cause: Our flight was delayed owing to the storm.

the AM of result (consequence): I was too tired to go for a walk.

the AM of condition: He said he would do it if necessary.

the AM of comparison: She sat still like a statue.

the AM of concession: Though tired, he agreed to show us the garden.

the AM of purpose: I did my best to prevent her from making a mistake.

the AM of description: He stood there very quietly, his hands outstretched.

the AM of exception: He had no choice but to obey the orders.

Detached (Loose) Parts of the Sentence

Detached parts of the sentence are those secondary parts which assume a certain grammatical and semantic independence.

1.1 the detached adverbial modifier is expressed by any part of speech in the function of an adverbial modifier, which accounts for the comma that separates it from the rest of the sentence. Generally, absolute constructions in the function of adverbial modifier are detached, adverbial modifiers of attendant circumstances being most apt to become detached: In her excitement, Maria jammed the bedroom-door together.

1.2 the detached attribute can modify not only a common noun as an ordinary attribute does but also a proper noun and a pronoun: Stout, middle-aged, full of energy, she bustled to and fro in the kitchen.

1.3 the detached object is often a prepositional object: She does not change – except her hair.