- •2)Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence.
- •5)The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •3. Can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objection to my seeing her?
- •Verbal qualities
- •6)The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs.
- •7)Modal verbs expressing Possibility, Permission, Probability (Can, May, Could, Might).
- •8)Modal verbs of Obligation (Must, Be to, Have to, Have got to)
- •9)Should & Ought to: their meanings, usage, combination with different forms of the infinitive.
- •10)Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.
- •11/1)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •11/2)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •12)Rules of agreement between the subject and the predicate.
- •3. Types of Objects
- •14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.
- •15)The composite sentence; the Complex & Compound sentences, means of clause connection & semantic interrelations between them in the complex sentence.
- •16)The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.
- •17)The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.
- •18)The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses.
- •Simple Sentence (synthetic forms are more frequently used).
- •II. Complex Sent.
- •20)The use of forms expressing unreality in adverbial clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, the Use of forms in a special type of exclamatory sentences.
- •21)The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions.
- •22)The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions.
- •23)The passive voice: types of passive constructions in English, their functions. Delimitation between the verb in the passive voice & the compound nominal predicate.
- •24)Sequence of tenses in reported speech.
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
21)The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions.
The noun is a word expressing substances in the widest sense of the word. We distinguish names of living beings (boy, girl), and lifeless things (table), abstract names: qualities, states, actions. Category of number
English nouns have singular and plural forms. S. denotes one, plural denotes more than one. The plural form is marked by the inflexion - (e) s. Regular plurals:
1. N. ending in vowels and voiced consonants have the plural ending pronounced as [z]: bee - bees, dog - dogs.
2. N. ending in voiceless consonants have a voiceless ending: book - books.
3. N. ending in -s, -sh, -ss, -ch, -x, -z have the ending [iz]: actress -actresses, bush - bushes, watch - watches, box - boxes.
4. N. ending in -o have the ending [z]: hero -heroes, potato – potatoes. The regular plural inflexion of nouns in -o has two spellings; -os occurs in the following cases: a) after a vowel — bamboos, embryos, folios, kangaroos, radios, studios, zoos; b) in proper names - Romeos, Eskimos, Filipinos; c) in abbreviations, kilos, photos; In other cases the spelling is -oes: tomatoes, heroes, potatoes.
5. The letter -y after a consonant usually changes into -i: sky – skies But the letter -y remains unchanged -ys: a) after vowels: days. b) in proper names: the two Germanys.
6. 13 nouns ending-in -f (e) form their plural changing -f (e) into -v (e): the ending in this case is pronounced (z]:calf –calves, life - lives, thief - thieves, elf - elves, loaf-loaves, wife – wives, half – halves, self - selves, wolf - wolves, knife – knives, sheaf - sheaves (снопы), leaf –leaves, shelf – shelves. Other nouns ending in -f(e) have the plural inflexion -s in the regular way: proof -proofs, chief- chiefs, safe - safes, cliff- cliffs.
Irregular plurals. 1. Seven nouns distinguish plural from singular by vowel change: man-men, woman-women, louse-lice, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice.
2. two nouns have –en to mark the plural: ox-oxen, child-children.
3. with some nouns the plural is identical with the singular form: a) sheep-sheep, swine-swine, deer-deer. There are some animal names that have 2 plurals: fish-fish(es), carp-carp(s), salmon-salmon(s). b) identical singular and plural forms are also typical of nationality nouns in –ese, -ss: Chinese, Swiss, Japanese. c) names, indicating number: pair, couple, dozen, score, stone, head.
Category of case.
Case is a grammatical category which shows relation of the noun with other words in a sentence. English nouns have two cases: the common case and the genitive case. However, not all English nouns possess the category of case; there are certain nouns, mainly nouns denoting inanimate objects, which cannot be used in the genitive case. The common case is unmarked, it has no inflexion (zero) and its meaning is very general. The genitive case is marked by the apostrophe s ('s). In writing there are two forms of the genitive: for most nouns:‘s (mother's) and for nouns ending in -s and regular plural nouns only the apostrophe (mothers').
GENDER
English nouns are not masculine, feminine, or neuter in the way that nouns in some other languages are. For example, most names of jobs, such as teacher, doctor, and writer, are used for both men and women. Thus, to masculine gender belong nouns indicating men, boys and male animals (pronoun he/they), to feminine gender belong nouns indicating women, girls and female animals (pronoun she/they), to neutral gender – inanimate things, animals whose sex we don’t know and sometimes babies (pronoun it/they).
Exceptions: ships & smtimes cars and other vehicles when regarded with affection or respect and considered feminine. Countries when referred to by name are also feminine. The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side.
Nouns having different masculine\femin. Distinctions expressed lexically: Boy-girl; gentleman-lady; man-woman…
The majority of nouns indicating occupation have the same form: artist, driver, cook, dancer…
EXCEPTIONS: actor-actress; host-hostess; hero- heroine; waiter-waitress.
Words that refer to woman often end in ‘woman’ (policewoman). The same with ‘man’. But ‘spokesperson’ can be either a man or a woman. Some people use ‘person’ instead of ‘man’ to avoid appearing to refer specifically to a man.
Most names of animals are used to refer to both male and female animals : cat elephant sheep.
In some cases there are different words that refer to male or female animals: male horse- ‘stallion’, female horse- ‘mare’.