- •2)Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence.
- •5)The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •3. Can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objection to my seeing her?
- •Verbal qualities
- •6)The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs.
- •7)Modal verbs expressing Possibility, Permission, Probability (Can, May, Could, Might).
- •8)Modal verbs of Obligation (Must, Be to, Have to, Have got to)
- •9)Should & Ought to: their meanings, usage, combination with different forms of the infinitive.
- •10)Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.
- •11/1)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •11/2)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •12)Rules of agreement between the subject and the predicate.
- •3. Types of Objects
- •14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.
- •15)The composite sentence; the Complex & Compound sentences, means of clause connection & semantic interrelations between them in the complex sentence.
- •16)The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.
- •17)The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.
- •18)The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses.
- •Simple Sentence (synthetic forms are more frequently used).
- •II. Complex Sent.
- •20)The use of forms expressing unreality in adverbial clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, the Use of forms in a special type of exclamatory sentences.
- •21)The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions.
- •22)The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions.
- •23)The passive voice: types of passive constructions in English, their functions. Delimitation between the verb in the passive voice & the compound nominal predicate.
- •24)Sequence of tenses in reported speech.
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
24)Sequence of tenses in reported speech.
Reported speech means that someone's words (direct speech) are reported in the form of indirect speech. Sentences with reported speech are complex sentences with object subordinate clauses, and the rules of the sequence of tenses govern them in the same way as in other sentences of this type.
If the verb in the main clause is in the present or in the future, the sequence of tenses in reported speech shouldn't be a problem because the tense in the subordinate clause doesn't change.
But note that word order in subordinate clauses of reported questions (indirect questions) is that of a statement. The conjunctions "if, whether" are used in reported general questions, while reported special questions keep as conjunctions the interrogative words (what, who, when, where, why, how) that they had in direct speech.
If the verb in the main clause is used in the past tense (usually, the Simple Past of the verbs "say, tell, ask, answer"), the verb in the object subordinate clause in indirect speech should also be used in one of the past tenses.
the following changes may occur in the reported sentence:
Present simple →Past Simple; Past Simple →Past Perfect; Present Perfect →Past Perfect;
Present Continuous →Past Continuous; Present Perfect Continuous→Past Perfect Continuous
will →would; can →could; must →had to
Place here → there Times now → then, at the time
today → that day, on Monday; yesterday → the day before, the previous day
tomorrow → the next day, the following day; this afternoon → that afternoon
last week → the week before, the previous week; a few days ago → a few days before
next week → the week after, the following week; Things this project → that project
Cases when the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed
- The Tenses don't change in I.S. when the speaker expresses general truth, permanent states/conditions. (He said that in winter water freezes)
- Verbs don't change when the speaker is reporting smth immediately after it was said (She said she will call me back)
- If the speaker expresses smth which is believed to be true tenses may be changed/unchanged. (He said that she liked strawberries). If smth untrue is expressed the tenses definitely change (He said,“Canada is a very poor country” He said Canada was a poor country).
- If the reported sentence contains a time clause tenses don't change
- If the reported sentence deals with unreal past conditionals of 1.2 types or wishes the tenses remain the same.
(If I were U I would apologize. → He said if he were me he would apologize.
If I hadn't come yesterday I wouldn't met you. → He said if he hadn't come yesterday he wouldn't met me.)
25)Tense & aspect of the verb: the simple (indefinite aspect) and the perfect aspect.
Tense is the form of the verb which indicates the time of the action. The category of tense in eng is made up by a set of forms opposed to each other in referring the events or states to the present, past or future. Aspect concerns the manner in which the action is performed. It can represent one and the same action in the form of process or it can present the result of action or habitual, customary manner of an action. The combination of aspect and tense helps us to express when we’ve done something and whether or not it is complete or continuing.
Tense and aspect are expressed in one and the same verbal form. The English verb has only two tenses proper — the present and the past, either simple (work(s), worked) or combined with the progressive (is/was working) or perfect (have/had worked) aspect. There are many ways of expressing future time in English. The most common is with the help of the modal auxiliaries will/ shall attached to a simple or complex (aspectual) form of the main verb.
The actions which coincide with the moment of speech belong to the sphere of Present Tenses. The actions which are prior to the moment of speech belong to the Past Tenses. The actions which follow the moment of speech—The Future Tenses.
Tenses in Eng can be of 2 types: contextually free / bound. PRIMARY TENSES (or contextually-free tenses) can express the temporal centre of the sentence by themselves. (E.g. I study at the university. I have finished my job). They are Present, Past, Future Simple, Present Continues (progressive) and Present Perfect. All the other tenses are called SECONDARY which means that in addition to the verbal tense they all need special adverbial modifiers of time which can be expressed by a single word of a clause of time.
The Indefinite or the Simple aspect. Some scholars say that the Indefinite aspect only indicates the time of an action. For this reason this aspect is called Indefinite & E-sh scholars call this group Simple Tenses which have the meaning of time but no aspect meaning. The Perfect aspect is used to show that the action is completed and its result is obvious by a certain moment in the present, past, or future.
The Present Indefinite Tense USAGE