16)The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.

A complex sen-ce is a composite sen-ce which consists of an independent clause (principle cls) & at least 1 sep-t (subordinate) cls. (1)All good things come to those (2)that wait. A clause – is a combination of the Subj. and Pred. which however doesn’t form a complete simple sen-ce. (He knew…)

Depend-t clauses cb joined to the main cls asyndetically (She says she loves me) or syndet-ly (by means of subordinators). Among subordinators we may find subordntng conjs (as if, although, e, etc) and connectives, i.e. conjunctive pronouns (who, whom, what, whoever) and conjunctive advs (how, when, why). Connectives not only join clauses together, but also have a syntc fun-n of their own within the clauses they intr-ce. I didn’t know who had rented that house (Subj). I didn’t know whether they had rented that house (conj).

To derive a CX sen-ce it’s necessary to have at least 2 clauses. In a principal one there is a word which hasn’t realized its snt valency within its own str-re. This word is called – the centre of subordination. If the CoS is expressed by a verb it can subordinate object or adverbial clauses of various kinds. If the CoS is expressed by a noun or a pronoun it’s continued by an attributive clause. There are also nominal clauses (subject cl, predicative cl, object cl.).

Subj cl. A type of dep-t cls that serves as subject of the main clause. That she was still there was a surprise for me. This subj clause cb replaced by the pronoun this or that to produce a complete sent. Besides, they answer the question asked about the Subj. finally, they occupy the snt position before the predicate, which is normally occupied by the subject. A subj clause cb found at the end of the sent, in which case the introductory it serves as a formal subj. In an informal style the conj that cb omitted from the subj clses correlating with introductory it. It’s a pity you weren’t there. Subj clauses joined by means of connective what cb used for emphasis. What I need is a good rest. Subject clses (and other nominal clses) with a Fut references joined by means of “—ever”-compounds use the simple present or may+inf. Whoever comes/may come here will be given a warm welcome.

Predicative cls. Serves as predicative, complementing a link verb in the main clause. A PredicCl always follows the main one. It stands after the link verb, chiefly be, feel, look, taste, sound, become and remain. The point is that my visa is no longer valid. predicCls R introduced by means of various subordinators (that, lest, as, much as, etc) The parcels remained as we had left them. In an inform style, esp-ly in short sent-s, a predicCl cb joined asyndetically when the main clause consists of an abstract N with the def article and the V be. In this case it mb set off by a comma. The truth is, she was awfully embarrassed. If the Subj of the main clause contains an expression of fear or worry and the like, the predicCl cb introduced by conj lest(+should) – Her only worry was lest the children should get lost. /Чтобы не, как бы не/

Object Cl. Serves as Obj to a finite or non-finite verb form in the main Cl. We knew that they were tired. ObjCl cb joined asyndetically or synd-ly, with the help of the same subordinators that introduce Subj& Pred-ve Clses (that, how, why, whether) – I wonder whether he will leave or stay. I hate it when you criticize my eating habits. If the ObjCl precedes the main cl, it is always joined synd-ly. This pattern smtms used for emphasis. That he was really confused, I can’t believe. A main clause fllwd by an ObjCl can have inverted WO in a formal style. The main clause in this type of pattern opens with Little…(=not at all) and contains a V of mental activity like know, imagine, think, guess. Little does he know that the police R about to arrest him. A similar kind of str-re is found when the main Cl opens with Only too well…, Well may…, With every justification… - With every justification may you say that the journey was well worth money.

Attr Cl. Serves as an Attr to a N or Prn in the main cl. Anyone who goes to a psychiatrist should have his or her head examined. On the basis of their semantic & snt relationship with the antecedent, attributive clauses R divided into appositive & relative clauses. AttrAppCls disclose the semantic content, or mng of the antecedent. I agree with the old saying that fortune favours the brave. These Cls R usu joined synd-ly, by means of the conj that. They R trnsltd into Rus with the help of such exprssns as что; то, что; о том, что, etc. AttrRelCls. Called so ‘cause they R joined with the help of relat Prns(who, whose, which, that) or rel Advs (when, why, etc). Their fun-n is to qualify the antecedent. The dean saw all the students who had poor grades. Relative Prns cb omitted (esp in inform speech) when they stand in the position of Obj in the relative clause. He’s the man (whom, that, who) I met at the party. But not when they R in the postn of Subj or express possessions (whose, who, that). RelCls R usu subdivided into defining & non-defining. Defining RelCl gives necessary inf-n & is essential to the mng of the main sent. It’s not put in commas. The teacher who teaches Maths is popular in the school. A non-def-g cl gives extra info not essl to the mng of the main sent. Put in the commas. Mr Jones, who teaches science, is very popular in the school. Commas may change the mng of the sent. Tourists, who had valid passports, were allowed into the country(all the tourists had valid pasps) Tourists who had valid passports were allowed into the country (only those whose passports were valid).