- •2)Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence.
- •5)The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •3. Can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objection to my seeing her?
- •Verbal qualities
- •6)The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs.
- •7)Modal verbs expressing Possibility, Permission, Probability (Can, May, Could, Might).
- •8)Modal verbs of Obligation (Must, Be to, Have to, Have got to)
- •9)Should & Ought to: their meanings, usage, combination with different forms of the infinitive.
- •10)Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.
- •11/1)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •11/2)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •12)Rules of agreement between the subject and the predicate.
- •3. Types of Objects
- •14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.
- •15)The composite sentence; the Complex & Compound sentences, means of clause connection & semantic interrelations between them in the complex sentence.
- •16)The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.
- •17)The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.
- •18)The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses.
- •Simple Sentence (synthetic forms are more frequently used).
- •II. Complex Sent.
- •20)The use of forms expressing unreality in adverbial clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, the Use of forms in a special type of exclamatory sentences.
- •21)The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions.
- •22)The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions.
- •23)The passive voice: types of passive constructions in English, their functions. Delimitation between the verb in the passive voice & the compound nominal predicate.
- •24)Sequence of tenses in reported speech.
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
5)The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.
Gerunds are verb forms that function as nouns. The gerund is rendered in Russian by:
1.a noun. Dancing had not begun yet. – Танцы еще не начались.
2.an infinitive. She had tea with Cipriano before leaving. – Прежде чем уйти, она выпила чаю с Чиприано.
3.деепричастие.And without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. – И, не дожидаясь ее ответа, он повернулся и вышел.
4.a subordinate clause. He regretted now having come. – Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
Nominal qualities:
1. Can perform the function of subject, object and predicative.
2. Can be preceded by a preposition. I am very tired of rowing.
3. Can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objection to my seeing her?
Verbal qualities
Can take an object
Can be modified by an adverb
Has tense and voice distinctions (the forms of the Ger. coincide with those of PI)
The tense, aspect distinctions of the gerund are not absolute, but relative.
The Indefinite Gerund (Active and Passive) denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb. She walked on without turning her head.
The Perfect Gerund (Active and Passive) denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.
She denies having spoken to him.
A prior action may also be expressed by an Indefinite Gerund – after the verbs: to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after and without.
I don’t remember hearing this legend before.
The voice distinctions of the gerund. The Gerund of transitive verbs can be active and passive.
Active:
The action is performed by the subject of the sentence: She insisted on talking to us.
The action is performed by the direct object: She prevented him from going there.
The action is performed by the person or thing expressed in the gerundial complex: She insisted on his talking friendly to her.
Passive:
The subject is the receiver of the action: She insisted on being talked to.
Non-transitive verbs have no passive forms of the Gerund.
In predicative constructions the Gerund expresses the action performed by a person or a thing, denoted by a noun or pronoun preceding the gerund.
If the nominal element denotes а living being it can be expressed in the following ways:
а) а noun in the common or genitive case: I’m grateful for my friend’s (my friend) helping me out.
b) а possessive pronoun: I can’t remember his having even one close friend.
c) а personal pronoun in the objective case: He liked me working late hours.
d) an indefinite, defining or negative pronoun: I don’t remember anybody (anybody’s) saying it. He boasted of everybody praising his report.
e) а reflexive pronoun. She couldn’t stop herself crying.
If the nominal element denotes а lifeless thing it can be expressed in the following ways:
a) а noun in the common case: She was glad enough of the arm gliding along under her elbow.
b) а possessive pronoun: I really love spring and always look forward to its coming.
c) an indefinite, defining or negative pronoun: He was aware of something being wrong.
He complains about everything being so different from what it used to be.
d) demonstrative pronouns: I object to this being published at all.
The syntactic functions of the gerund. The gerund may be used as:
a subject: Talking mends no holes.
a predicative: The only remedy for my headache is going to bed.
part of a compound verbal predicate: We intend going to Switzerland. (modal)
She began sobbing and weeping. Isabella ceased speaking. (aspect)
an object
direct: I simply love riding.
prepositional: The times were good for building…
complex: Would you mind Richard’s coming in?
an attribute (always preceded by a preposition):
He was born with the gift of winning hearts.
an adverbial modifier (always preceded by a preposition):
of time: After leaving her umbrella in the hall, she entered the living room.
of manner: The day was spent in packing.
of purpose: One side of the gallery was used for dancing.
of condition: He has no right to come without being invited.
of cause: I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself.
of concession: In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her.