- •2)Infinitive constructions & their functions in the sentence.
- •5)The Gerund: combination of nominal & verbal features; tense, aspect & voice distinctions; gerundial constructions; functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •3. Can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objection to my seeing her?
- •Verbal qualities
- •6)The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs.
- •7)Modal verbs expressing Possibility, Permission, Probability (Can, May, Could, Might).
- •8)Modal verbs of Obligation (Must, Be to, Have to, Have got to)
- •9)Should & Ought to: their meanings, usage, combination with different forms of the infinitive.
- •10)Modal meanings expressed by Shall, Will, Dare, Need.
- •11/1)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •11/2)The Simple sentence: Basic classifications. Parts of the simple sentence: the subject & the predicate.
- •12)Rules of agreement between the subject and the predicate.
- •3. Types of Objects
- •14)Parts of Simple sentence: Adverbial modifiers & their subclasses. Loose (detached) parts of the simple sentence.
- •15)The composite sentence; the Complex & Compound sentences, means of clause connection & semantic interrelations between them in the complex sentence.
- •16)The Complex sentence, types of clauses, subject & predicative clauses, object clauses, attributive clauses.
- •17)The Complex sentence. Adverbial clauses of time, place, cause, purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison.
- •18)The Subjunctive mood. Synthetic & analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood. Tense forms of the subjunctive mood. The use of forms expressing unreality in object & attributive clauses.
- •Simple Sentence (synthetic forms are more frequently used).
- •II. Complex Sent.
- •20)The use of forms expressing unreality in adverbial clauses of purpose, comparison, concession, the Use of forms in a special type of exclamatory sentences.
- •21)The Noun & its grammatical categories of number & case; ways of expressing gender distinctions.
- •22)The English articles: phonetic variants, grammatical meanings & functions.
- •23)The passive voice: types of passive constructions in English, their functions. Delimitation between the verb in the passive voice & the compound nominal predicate.
- •24)Sequence of tenses in reported speech.
- •I Habitual Actions (the core uses of the Pr. Ind.)
- •II Actions going on at the moment of speaking (“momentary present”)
- •III Future actions
- •IV Past Actions
6)The use of gerund or the infinitive with certain groups of verbs.
Their functions overlap. In English some verbs take the Gerunds as a verbal direct object exclusively while other verbs take only the Infinitives and still others can take either. There are 3 groups:
I Verbs that take only the Infinitive as a verbal direct object
agree – decide – expect – hesitate – learn – need – promise – neglect – hope – want – plan – attempt – propose – intend - pretend
I hope to go on a vacation soon. He promised to go on a diet. They agreed to sign the treaty.
II Verbs that take only the Gerund as a verbal direct object
deny – risk – delay – consider – can’t help – keep – give up – be fond of – finish – quit – put off practice – postpone – tolerate – suggest – stop – enjoy – keep (on) – dislike – admit – avoid – recall – mind – miss – detest – appreciate – recommend - get/be through - get/be tired of - get/be accustomed to - get/be used to
They always avoid drinking before driving. Charles keeps calling her.
III Verbs that take the Gerund or the Infinitive as a verbal direct object
start – begin – continue – hate – prefer – like – love – try - remember
They like to go to the movies. They like going to the movies.
Special attention should be paid to the use of the verbs to forget and to remember: These two verbs change time reference and meaning depending on whether the Gerund or the Infinitive is used as a direct object. The Gerund refers the action to the past, while the Infinitive refers it to the present or future:
Jack forgets to take out the cat. (He regularly forgets.) Jack forgets taking out the cat. (He did it, but he doesn't remember now.)
Jack forgot to take out the cat. (He never did it.) Jack forgot taking out the cat. (He did it, but he didn't remember sometime later.)
Jack remembers to take out the cat. (He regularly remembers.) Jack remembers taking out the cat. (He did it, and he remembers now.)
Jack remembered to take out the cat. (He did it.) Jack remembered taking out the cat. (He did it, and he remembered sometime later.)
In the second of each pair of example sentences above, the Past Progressive Gerund form having taken can be used in place of taking to avoid any possible confusion.
Jack forgets having taken out the cat.
The Verbs to regret and to try
Regret + infinitive = regret to say, to tell someone, to inform someone of some bad news: I regret to tell you that you failed the test. Regret + gerund = regret something that that happened in the past: I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back.
Try + infinitive = make an effort. I'm trying to learn English Try + gerund = experiment with a new or different approach to see if it works.
The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but that didn't help. So I tried turning on the fan, but I was still hot. Finally, I turned on the air conditioner.
The Verb to stop
Stop can also be followed immediately by the Gerund or by the Infinitive of purpose (in order to). Still, the meaning is different:
Stop + gerund = to discontinue, to leave off When the professor entered the room, the students stopped talking. (The room became quiet.)
Stop + infinitive of purpose While I was walking down the street, I ran into an old friend. I stopped to talk to him. (I stopped walking in order to talk him.)
Some verbs may take either the Gerund or the Infinitive with no particular difference in meaning. These are: like – hate - love – begin - start – continue – prefer - can't stand - can't bear.
It began to rain. / It began raining. I started to work. / I started working.
Note. There is no difference between began to rain and began raining. Still, if the main verb is progressive, the Infinitive (not the Gerund) is usually used.