4. Complete the following sentences.

   1. Diphtheria is caused by ... .

   2. The incubation period lasts ... .

   3. Usually symptoms and signs are ... .

   4. Difficulty is swallowing and signs of toxemia become prominent in ... .

5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, pay special

attention to the Nominative Infinitive Construction.

1. The chest examination was reported to be diagnostic of asthma.

2. Pneumonia has long been known to involve the lungs in varied forms.

3. The addition of herbs to the treatment was found to be helpful in securing relaxation for the patient.

4. The skin was not considered to be taut or thickened.

5. Appearance of eruption is considered to be a firm confirmation of chicken-pox.

6. Past history revealed that the patient was known to have suffered from diphtheria in childhood.

7. This diagnosis is believed to be proper and final.

4. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using

the Nominative Infinitive Construction.

Model: It is said that the eruption is often connected with chicken-pox.

The eruption is said to be often connected with chicken-pox.

1. It appears that the initial diagnosis will be affirmed by chest exam­ination.

2. It was reported that the prodromal symptoms have been appeared 10 days before.

3. It proved that administration of those drugs had produced a mar­ked effect on his health.

4. It is expected that the rash will disappear in three days.

5. It is certain that the doctor will carry out a thorough examination to achieve a correct diagnosis.

6. It is likely that this condition will aggravate the patient's health.

7. It is well known that substernal pain may be associated with vom­iting.

8. It is likely that murmurs of the heart will disappear soon.

4. Read the text and entitle it.

Immunity depends on antibodies, which can be demonstrated by the Schik test, or toxin - neutralizing studies using experimental animals. Antibodies are formed by individual under one of the following condi­tions: active immunization by toxoid injections, recovery from clinical diphtheria, or sufficient subclinical infections with the diphtheria organ­ism. A fourth way of acquiring immunity is passive, through the prepa­ration of antibodies. Immunity thus produced lasts only 2 to 3 weeks and the method should be used only to afford temporary protection to sus­ceptible individuals exposed to infection, where constant supervison, is impossible.

Active immunization against diphtheria should be afforded to all chil­dren. This may be initiated as early as 1 to 3 mounts of age. A quadru­ple antigen, combining pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccines and diphthe­ria and tetanus toxoids, is recomended. A booster dose of the quadruple antigen may be given at 5 or 6 years of age; every 4 years thereafter a booster of tetanus - diphtheria toxoid, adult type, should be employed. The latter contains a small amount of diphtheria toxoid to minimize untoward reactioins.