1. The patient being very weak, the surgeon postponed the operation.

2. The wound having been healed, the patient's condition improved and he was discharged from the hospital.

3. The grippe having been complicated by pneumonia, the patient felt much worse,

4. The patient having explained his symptoms, the doctor began to examine him.

5. The anaesthetic having been administered, the operation was be­gun.

3. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying atten­tion to forms and functions of Participial Constructions.

   1. They want this device to be used during the operation.

   2. We knew nothing of this engineer's having invented a valuable medical apparatus.

   3. I could see the surgeon performing the operation.

   4. We know him to have been an excellent cardiologist.

   5. Our students saw patients having been examined by many specia­lists.

   6. We find them to be interested in this problem.

   7. I know of our students having been send to work at this hospi­tal.

   8. We believed them to have changed their plan of work.

4. What may the following symptoms be associated with?

Use the phrases.

1. "X" is a common complaint in ... .

2. "X" may occur in ... .

3. "X" may be associated with in ... .

4. "X" may accompany ... .

3. Tell another student.

   1. Name some liver disorders.

   2. Name some clinical and laboratory investigations.

   3. Name the functions of the liver.

   4. Name the glands belonging to the digestive system.

   5. Name some typical symptoms of liver's disorder.

Text 2 CIRRHOSIS

чРШМ

Cirrhosis is a type of permanent _and progressive liver daniage. Any chronic liver disease, especially those caused by alcohol, abuse or viral hepatitis, can lead to the formation of fibrous scars and nodules that con­nect to involve large areas of the liver.

One of the commonest causes of cirrhosis is alcohol abuse. Other caus­es include infections, such as hepatitis and cholangitis, autoimmune dis­ease some rare inherited diseases (such as Wilson's disease and haemo- chromatosis), and some drugs and chemicals, such as carbon tetrachlo­ride.

Early symptoms can include weakness and a feeling of tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting of blood, and constipation or diarrhea. Symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include jaundice, broken blood vessels, a hard liver, a swollen abdomen, and swollen ankles. Some men suffering from the disorder experience an enlargement of their breasts, loss of pubic hair, and shrinking of the testicles.

In cirrhosis caused by autoimmune disease, steroids and іттдшодцр- pressive drugs may be prescribed. Specialized care over a long period includes a highprotein diet with extra vitamins. Antibiotic drugs may be prescribed if there is infection.

Cirrhosis results in a kind of^scar tissue that .interferes with the flow of blood through the liver. This raises the blood pressure, especially at the lowfer end of the esophagus, which becomes dilated and congested. If these veins burst, severe internal bleeding and vomiting of blood can result. Other complications of cirrhosis include jaundice, coma, bleeding disorders, peptic ulcers, and accumulation of fluid in the abdomen (as­cites).

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

I. Read the text and say whether the following statements are true to the text "cirrhosis".