XI. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy can help to confirm diagnosis.

2. Ulcerating carcinomas may lead to major bleeding episodes.

3. In gastric ulceration surgical treatment is clearly indicated in the presence of perforation or excessive fibrosis.

4. Malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal tract commonly present with anemia secondary to occult bleeding. Text 1 gastritis

The mucosa

The submucosa

The muscularis-propria

Acute simple exogenous gastritis may be caused by the Aiigesiion of alcohol, sharp spicks, salicylates, creosote, sulfonamides, antibiotics

,

ammonium chloride, iodides, bromides, quinine, very hot foods, allergenic* foods and by svyallowed b£$teria and their 4oxins.

Acute simple exogenous gastritis is „ characterise^ _ by .patches of mtwise hyperemia, excessive mucus and oi&asion&I submucosal nemor £hage/

From 6 to 24 hours after ingestion of the offending agent,, there are svmptoms of malgiSB, anorexia, ftniffflwtriri pressure with я sensatioff nf ^fullness, nausea, headache, vjex^igo, урп)іti ng (-affording fornpnrяry rphpf from ^astrjc symptoms), .prpsizatinn arid exhaustion. The tongue is coat£

and 1?Kere "maybe 'slight fever. The tendency is toward constipation .unless the intestine also is involved. Symptoms sjubside within 24 to 48 hours.

, CHRONIC GASTRITIS

Chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa, three types of which may be recognized gastroscppically: superficial, atrophic and hyper­trophic.

The cause is unknown. A wide variety of irritants have been suspect­ed, but none has been established as specific. Since it is рптипівгиН in emotionally disturbed individuals, it is considered by some to be a psy- Gbosoroaiic disorder.

Characteristic Jmdiags include: hyperemia of the mucous membrane, edema and exudation; friable mucosa; possible small ^purpuric spots or ulcerations»

In all forms of chronic gastritis, the majority of patients have sensa­tions of heartburn and of epigastric fullness or pressure after the inges­tion of food. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and serious gross, hemorrhages may occur. Loss of weight usually is greater in the atrophic^orm.

In chronic hypertrophic gastritis, there may be epigastric pain, fre­quently of the "ulcer tyge". Such pain is usually due to the presence, of an associatedJilcer, either gastric or duodenal.. Nocturnal pain is frequent and ieJids to recur, especially after dietary indiscretions and emotional upsets.

The clinical manifestations vary: some patients are symptomless despite the presence of ulceration, while others show severe symptoms. Serious gross hemorrhages may occur as a result of mucosal hyperemia or ulceration. Physical examination rarely reveals anything except occasion­al epigastric tenderness in patients with the superficial and hypertrophic types. The tenderness is apt to be more diffuse than that in uncomplicat­ed peptic ulcers.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

1. Answer the following questions using word combinations given below.

   1. What is exogenous gastritis characterised by?

   2. When do the symptoms of malaise, anorexia, nausea, vertigo appear?

   3. How many types of chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa do you know?

   4. When does epigastric pain of the "ulcer type" occur?

   5. What are the clinical manifestations in chronic gastritis?

Key: hyperemia, submucosal hemorrhage, superficial, hypertrophic, associ­ated ulcer, injestion of the offending agent, presence of inflammation, ulcera­tion.