Development of The Novel

After mass communication developed, more and more people learned to read and write, especially among the middle classes. However, in those days, the elite did not think of literacy as being merely the ability to read and write. Only those who could read critically and understand the Greek and Roman classics were considered truly literate.

Chapbooks. The new readers were not interested in the ancient classics. In addition to the Bible, they read small, inexpensive books called chapbooks, which contained folk stories and romances. People read chapbooks simply for enjoyment, not to produce erudite literary analysis. Reading was a new way to enjoy the ancient art of storytelling, only now stories were told in printed versions rather than orally.

The Novel. Middle-class readers also provided a market for a new form of book in the 18^th century – the novel. Writers, no longer reliant on the patronage of the elite and obliged to satisfy their expectations of elevated, stilted language, began to use the everyday language of the masses.

A major characteristic of the novel was its realism. Each new novel was supposed to be different. Novels emphasized individual experience over collective experience. They were concerned with morality and attempted to present moral themes. To make the novels affordable and widely, many – such as the works of Charles Dickens in the 19^th century – were published in serial form. (That is, a few chapters would be published each week or month in pamphlet form). With the evolution of the novel, the language of the written word became descriptive rather than conceptual or abstract.

V ВАРІАНТ

1. Transform the direct speech into reported one according to the model. Pay attention to the rules of the sequence of tenses. Translate the sentences.

1. “Mister,” she asked, “do you speak French?”

2. “O please forgive me, Tom; my heart will break,” said Maggie.

3. “How nice to see a new face,” the woman in black velvet said.

4. “You must go to England before June. It is absolutely necessary,” said the doctor.

5. “Greta, please say something,” he begged.

2. Make the following sentences passive. Translate the sentences.

1. At last he realized that nobody would call upon him.

2. They took no notice of the boy.

3. Did the noise frighten you?

4. Two separate examiners will question each candidate in turn.

5. Andrew saw at once that they had instructed her carefully beforehand.

3. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the function of the Infinitive constructions in the sentence.

1. I meant to have left yesterday but fell ill.

2. Where is there for me to go?

3. They waited in silence for the boy to answer.

4. His attention seemed to be absorbed by the book.

5. What would you have me do?

4. Choose the necessary modal verb among those in brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. I (may, must) be back by two o’clock. I want to do some cleaning.

2. Sorry, I (might not, couldn’t) visit you. I was busy.

3. Don’t wait for her. You (need, might) do it yourself.

4. Cars (must not, need not) be parked in front of the entrance.

5. You (should, can) be more polite with your brother.

5. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the translation of the Gerund.

1. There is no translating this text without a dictionary.

2. Mr. Johnson is a good hunter; he has a lot of hunting dogs.

3. I am anxious about leaving Jimmy alone in the house.

4. I bitterly regret having told her that.

5. Would you mind my going to London?

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